# Budget Justification Template

## Overview

A budget justification provides detailed explanation for each budget line item, demonstrating that costs are necessary, reasonable, and directly related to the proposed research. The justification should be detailed enough for reviewers to understand and assess cost reasonableness.

**Key Principles**:
- Justify EVERY line item in terms of the research plan
- Explain calculations clearly
- Show that costs are necessary for the proposed work
- Demonstrate cost-effectiveness where possible
- Follow agency-specific formats and requirements

---

## Personnel (Salaries and Wages)

### Senior Personnel

**Principal Investigator: [Name, Title]**

**Effort**: [X] calendar months ([Y]% FTE) per year

**Justification**: 
The PI will provide overall scientific leadership, supervise all research activities, mentor graduate students and postdocs, analyze data, prepare manuscripts, and report to the funding agency. The PI will be responsible for [specific activities related to aims]. [X] months of effort is necessary given the scope of the project and the PI's other commitments ([describe other activities briefly]).

**Calculation**: 
- Year 1: [Annual salary] × [% effort] × [inflation factor if applicable] = $[amount]
- Years 2-5: [include escalation if applicable]

**Example**:
*Principal Investigator: Dr. Jane Smith, Associate Professor of Biology*

*Effort*: 2.5 calendar months (21% FTE) per year

*Justification*: Dr. Smith will provide overall project leadership including: (1) supervising all experimental work and data analysis for Aims 1-3, (2) weekly mentoring meetings with 3 graduate students and 2 postdocs, (3) coordinating with collaborators at partner institutions, (4) analyzing multi-omics datasets and interpreting results, (5) preparing manuscripts and presenting at conferences, and (6) managing budget and reporting to NIH. 2.5 months effort is necessary for a project of this scope involving multiple aims, techniques, and personnel. Dr. Smith's remaining effort supports teaching (3 months), other research projects (4 months), and administrative duties (2.5 months).

*Calculation*: 
- Year 1: $120,000 × 0.2083 = $25,000
- Years 2-5: 3% annual increase

---

**Co-Investigator: [Name, Title]**

**Effort**: [X] calendar months ([Y]% FTE) per year

**Justification**:
Dr. [Name] will be responsible for [specific aspects of project related to their expertise]. This includes [specific activities for which aims]. Co-I effort is essential because [expertise/resources they provide that PI lacks].

**Example**:
*Co-Investigator: Dr. Robert Johnson, Professor of Bioinformatics*

*Effort*: 1 calendar month (8.3% FTE) per year

*Justification*: Dr. Johnson will lead the computational analysis for Aim 1, including multi-omics data integration, machine learning-based subtype classification, and biomarker identification. His expertise in unsupervised clustering methods and experience with similar T2D datasets is essential for this aim. Specific responsibilities include: (1) developing analysis pipelines, (2) training graduate student in bioinformatics methods, (3) interpreting computational results, and (4) co-authoring manuscripts. 

*Calculation*: Year 1: $150,000 × 0.0833 = $12,500

---

### Postdoctoral Scholars

**Postdoctoral Researcher (1.0 FTE)**

**Justification**:
One full-time postdoctoral researcher is essential to conduct [which experiments/aims]. The postdoc will be responsible for [specific technical activities], data analysis, and mentoring graduate students. Specific duties include: [list 4-6 key responsibilities tied to specific aims]. We will recruit a candidate with expertise in [required skills/background].

**Calculation**:
- Year 1: NIH NRSA stipend level Year 0-2 ($54,840) + fringe benefits (26%) = $69,099
- Years 2-3: Adjusted for postdoc experience level
- Years 4-5: Senior postdoc rate

**Example**:
*Postdoctoral Researcher (1.0 FTE)*

*Justification*: One full-time postdoc is essential to execute the cellular and molecular experiments in Aims 2-3. The postdoc will: (1) generate and characterize patient-derived iPSC lines, (2) differentiate iPSCs into β-cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes, (3) perform functional assays (insulin secretion, glucose uptake, cytokine profiling), (4) conduct proteomics sample preparation and analysis, (5) integrate cellular data with clinical outcomes, and (6) mentor graduate students in cell culture techniques. We will recruit a candidate with expertise in stem cell biology and diabetes research. The postdoc will have opportunity for career development through institutional K99/R00 preparation programs.

*Calculation*:
- Year 1: $54,840 (NIH Year 0) + $14,258 (26% fringe) = $69,098
- Year 2: $56,784 (NIH Year 1) + $14,764 = $71,548
- Year 3: $59,292 (NIH Year 2) + $15,416 = $74,708

---

### Graduate Students

**Graduate Research Assistants ([Number] students)**

**Justification**:
[Number] graduate students are required to [specific roles and aims]. Each student will focus on [division of labor among students]. This project provides excellent training opportunities in [techniques/approaches], preparing students for careers in [field]. Students will be recruited from our [department/program] with preference for candidates from underrepresented groups through our partnerships with [specific programs].

**Calculation**:
- Stipend: $[amount]/student/year (following university RA rates)
- Tuition: $[amount]/student/year  
- Total per student: $[amount]
- Number of students: [N]
- Total: $[amount] per year

**Example**:
*Graduate Research Assistants (3 students)*

*Justification*: Three PhD students are required to execute the experimental work across all three aims:
- Student 1 will lead Aim 1 work on multi-omics profiling and subtype classification
- Student 2 will conduct Aim 2 mechanistic studies using patient-derived cells  
- Student 3 will perform Aim 3 treatment response analyses in cell models and humanized mice

This project provides excellent interdisciplinary training in genomics, cell biology, and translational diabetes research. Students will present annually at the American Diabetes Association and co-author peer-reviewed publications. We will recruit students from our Biological Sciences PhD program, with priority recruitment from underrepresented groups through our IMSD program (NIH R25).

*Calculation*:
- Stipend: $32,000/student/year (12 months at university RA rate)
- Tuition and fees: $18,000/student/year
- Total per student: $50,000/year
- 3 students × 5 years = $750,000 total
(Note: In modular budget, include under Personnel narrative; in detailed budget, may be split between Personnel and Other)

---

### Research Staff

**Research Technician ([Title], [% FTE])**

**Justification**:
A [full/part]-time research technician is necessary to [specific technical support]. The technician will [specific duties], allowing the PI and postdoc to focus on [higher-level activities]. Essential responsibilities include: [list key duties related to aims].

**Calculation**:
- Annual salary: $[amount] for [% FTE]
- Fringe benefits ([%]): $[amount]
- Total: $[amount]/year

**Example**:
*Research Technician (1.0 FTE)*

*Justification*: A full-time research technician is necessary to provide technical support for high-throughput assays and maintain cell lines and mouse colonies. Specific responsibilities include: (1) maintaining iPSC, hepatocyte, and adipocyte cultures (>50 patient-derived lines), (2) performing routine insulin secretion, glucose uptake, and ELISA assays, (3) managing humanized mouse colony and performing metabolic phenotyping, (4) preparing samples for omics analysis, and (5) maintaining laboratory equipment and ordering supplies. The technician will enable the postdoc and graduate students to focus on experimental design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation.

*Calculation*:
- Year 1: $45,000 (base salary) + $11,700 (26% fringe) = $56,700
- Years 2-5: 3% annual increase

---

## Fringe Benefits

**Rate**: [X]% for [category of personnel]

**Justification**:
Fringe benefit rates are based on our institution's federally negotiated rates. Rates differ by personnel category:
- Faculty: [X]%
- Postdocs: [X]%  
- Graduate students: [X]% (if applicable)
- Staff: [X]%

Rates include [what's covered: health insurance, retirement, life insurance, etc.].

**Total Fringe**: $[amount] per year

---

## Equipment ($5,000 or more per unit)

**[Equipment Item Name and Model]**

**Cost**: $[amount]

**Justification**:
This equipment is essential for [which aims/experiments]. We currently do not have access to [this capability] at our institution. The [equipment] will be used to [specific applications in the project]. [Estimated usage: hours/week or % time on this project]. This equipment will support [how many students/researchers] and will remain useful for future projects in [area].

**Example**:
*BD FACSAria III Cell Sorter with 4-laser configuration*

*Cost*: $425,000

*Justification*: A high-speed cell sorter is essential for Aim 2 experiments requiring isolation of specific cell populations from patient-derived heterogeneous cultures (β-cells, hepatocytes, adipocytes) for downstream proteomics and functional analysis. Our current institutional sorter has a 6-month wait time and lacks the 4-laser capability needed for our 8-color panel. This sorter will be used 15 hours/week for this project and will support 3 graduate students and 1 postdoc. The equipment will be housed in the Department of Biology core facility and will be available to 15 other laboratories after this project, ensuring long-term institutional value. Equipment cost includes installation, training, and 5-year service contract.

---

## Travel

### Domestic Travel

**Purpose**: [Conference/meeting/collaboration]

**Justification**:
Travel is requested for [purpose: presenting results, collaboration, training]. The PI and/or [personnel] will attend [specific conferences/meetings] annually to disseminate findings and network with the research community. These meetings are essential for [specific benefits: feedback, collaborations, recruiting, staying current].

**Calculation**:
- [Conference name]: $[airfare] + $[hotel, X nights] + $[meals/incidentals] + $[registration] = $[total]
- Number of trips/year: [N]
- Total domestic travel: $[amount]/year

**Example**:
*Domestic Travel*

*Justification*: Annual travel for the PI, postdoc, and 2 graduate students to present research findings and network with the diabetes research community. 

Trips include:
1. American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions (annual, June): Premier venue for diabetes research dissemination. PI and 2 trainees will present posters/talks, attend workshops, and meet with collaborators. ($2,500/person × 3 people = $7,500)

2. Endocrine Society Annual Meeting (alternate years): Important for reaching clinical endocrinology audience. PI will present translational findings. ($2,200)

3. Cold Spring Harbor Metabolism & Disease Conference (Year 3): Specialized meeting for in-depth scientific exchange. Postdoc will present mechanistic findings. ($1,800)

*Total*: $9,700/year (Years 1-2, 4-5); $11,500/year (Year 3)

### Foreign Travel

**Purpose**: [International conference/collaboration]

**Justification**:
[If requesting foreign travel, provide strong justification for why international meeting is necessary]

**Example**:
*Foreign Travel*

*Justification*: PI will attend the International Diabetes Federation Congress (every 2 years, Years 2 and 4) to present findings to international clinical and research audience. This is the largest global diabetes meeting and essential for international collaborations and dissemination. Our data on molecular subtypes has direct relevance for diverse patient populations globally.

*Cost*: $4,500/trip (airfare $1,500, hotel 4 nights $1,200, meals $800, registration $1,000)
*Total*: $4,500 (Years 2, 4)

---

## Materials and Supplies

### [Category]

**Justification**:
[Description of supplies needed and why]

**Calculation**:
[Itemize major categories with estimated costs]

**Total**: $[amount]/year

**Example**:
*Laboratory Supplies and Reagents*

*Justification*: Supplies are required for cell culture, molecular biology, and metabolic assays across all three aims.

*Breakdown*:
- Cell culture reagents (media, growth factors, serum): $15,000/year
  - Maintaining >50 patient-derived iPSC, hepatocyte, and adipocyte lines
  - Differentiation protocols requiring specialized media
  
- Molecular biology supplies (RNA extraction, qPCR, Western blotting): $12,000/year
  - Processing samples from cell assays and mouse tissues
  - Validation experiments for omics findings

- Metabolomics and proteomics sample prep: $18,000/year
  - Sample processing for Aim 1 multi-omics profiling (n=2,000 patients)
  - Sample preparation for mass spectrometry (Aims 1-2)

- Mouse metabolic phenotyping supplies: $10,000/year
  - Glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance tests
  - Blood collection and plasma analysis
  - Tissue harvest and processing

- Immunoassays and ELISAs: $8,000/year  
  - Insulin, c-peptide, GLP-1, cytokine measurements
  - ~500 assays/year across aims

- General lab supplies (pipette tips, tubes, glassware): $7,000/year

*Total*: $70,000/year

---

## Participant/Trainee Support Costs

(For undergraduate researchers, workshop participants, etc.)

**Stipends**: $[amount]

**Justification**:
[Number] undergraduate researchers will participate in summer research for 10 weeks annually. Stipends of $[amount] per student provide support for [what stipend covers].

**Travel**: $[amount]

**Justification**:
Travel support for undergraduates to present research at [conference].

**Subsistence**: $[amount] (if applicable)

**Other**: $[amount]

**Total**: $[amount]/year

**Example**:
*Undergraduate Summer Research Program*

*Stipends*: 10 undergraduates × $5,000 = $50,000/year

*Justification*: Ten undergraduates will participate in 10-week summer research experiences, working with graduate students on specific sub-projects. Students will be recruited from partner HBCUs (50% of participants) and our institution's McNair Scholars program. Stipends ($5,000 per student for 10 weeks) provide support during full-time research commitment.

*Travel*: 10 students × $1,500 = $15,000/year

*Justification*: Support for undergraduates to present research at the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students (ABRCMS). This is a critical professional development opportunity, particularly for students from underrepresented groups.

*Total Participant Support*: $65,000/year

(Note: Participant support costs are not subject to indirect costs)

---

## Other Direct Costs

### Publication Costs

**Cost**: $[amount]/year

**Justification**:
We anticipate publishing [N] peer-reviewed articles over the 5-year project period in open-access journals to ensure broad dissemination. Average open-access fees are approximately $[amount] per article. Funds will cover article processing charges for publications resulting from this work.

**Example**:
*Publication Costs*: $12,000/year

*Justification*: We anticipate 2 publications per year (10 total over 5 years) in high-impact open-access journals. Average article processing charges are $3,000-$4,000 (e.g., Nature Communications, Cell Reports, Diabetes). We budget $6,000/year to ensure broad, immediate dissemination of findings as required by NIH public access policy. Additional publications in traditional subscription journals will not require fees.

### Consultant Services

**[Consultant Name/Role]**: $[amount]

**Justification**:
Dr. [Name] will serve as consultant for [specific expertise needed]. [He/She] will [specific consulting activities], requiring approximately [X] days per year at a rate of $[amount]/day. This expertise is essential for [why you can't do this yourself] and will ensure [benefit to project].

**Example**:
*Statistical Consultant*: $15,000/year

*Justification*: Dr. Sarah Chen, Professor of Biostatistics at Johns Hopkins, will provide statistical consulting for machine learning-based subtype classification (Aim 1) and clinical outcome analysis (Aim 3). She will advise on study design, sample size calculations, analysis approaches, and interpretation of complex multi-omics datasets. Her expertise in diabetes clinical trials and unsupervised clustering is essential for rigorous analysis. Services will require approximately 10 days/year at $1,500/day (standard consulting rate). Dr. Chen has agreed to this arrangement (see letter of commitment).

### Other

List any other direct costs (subawards, animal costs, computing time, etc.)

---

## Consortium/Contractual Costs

(For collaborating institutions)

**[Institution Name] Subaward**

**Total costs**: $[amount] per year

**Justification**:
[Collaborating institution] will perform [specific work related to which aims]. Dr. [PI name at institution] will lead these efforts. This collaboration is essential because [why this expertise/resource is needed and not available at your institution].

**Work to be performed**:
- [Task 1]
- [Task 2]
- [Task 3]

Detailed budget and justification from [institution] are included as a subaward/consortium application.

**Example**:
*University of California San Diego Subaward*

*Total costs*: $100,000/year

*Justification*: UCSD will perform all mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and proteomics analyses for Aims 1-2. Dr. Michael Williams, Director of the UCSD Metabolomics Core, will lead these efforts. This collaboration is essential because our institution lacks the specialized mass spectrometry platforms (Orbitrap Fusion, QTOF) and expertise required for these analyses. UCSD has extensive experience with T2D metabolomics and proteomics, having processed >5,000 clinical samples.

*Work to be performed*:
- Sample processing and metabolite/protein extraction (Years 1-3)
- LC-MS/MS analysis on Orbitrap Fusion and QTOF platforms
- Data processing, quality control, and statistical analysis
- Quarterly meetings to discuss results and plan analyses

*Budget includes*: Personnel (50% technician, 10% Dr. Williams), supplies, and instrument time. Detailed subaward budget attached.

*Note*: Consortium F&A limited to 8% of total costs per NIH policy.

---

## Indirect Costs (Facilities & Administrative)

**Rate**: [X]% of Modified Total Direct Costs (MTDC)

**MTDC Excludes**: Equipment, capital expenditures, charges for patient care, participant support costs, rental costs of off-site facilities, scholarships and fellowships, and the portion of each subaward in excess of $25,000.

**Justification**:
Indirect cost rate is based on our institution's federally negotiated rate agreement with [DHHS/agency], effective [dates]. This rate covers institutional costs for facilities (building depreciation, operations, maintenance) and administration (sponsored projects office, accounting, library, etc.) that support research.

**Example**:
*Facilities & Administrative Costs*: 57% of MTDC (on-campus rate)

*Justification*: Our institution's federally negotiated F&A rate with DHHS is 57% for on-campus research, effective July 1, 2023 - June 30, 2027. This rate covers facilities costs (building depreciation, utilities, operations and maintenance) and administrative costs (sponsored projects administration, accounting, library, general administration). 

*Calculation example (Year 1)*:
- Total direct costs: $550,000
- Less: Equipment ($425,000), participant support ($65,000), consortium F&A ($8,000)
- MTDC base: $52,000
- Indirect costs: $52,000 × 0.57 = $29,640

---

## Summary Budget Table

| Category | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total |
|----------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-------|
| Personnel | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX |
| Fringe Benefits | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX |
| Equipment | $XXX | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $XXX |
| Travel | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX |
| Materials & Supplies | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX |
| Other Direct Costs | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX |
| Participant Support | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX |
| Consortium/Subawards | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX |
| **Total Direct Costs** | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX |
| Indirect Costs (F&A) | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX |
| **TOTAL COSTS** | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX | $XXX |

---

## Tips for Strong Budget Justifications

✅ **Do**:
- Tie every cost directly to specific aims and activities
- Provide detailed calculations showing your work
- Explain why the amount is necessary and reasonable
- Use institutional or national standards for rates
- Show cost-effectiveness where possible
- Include escalation (inflation) for out-years
- Be specific about equipment models, conference names, etc.

❌ **Don't**:
- Use vague language ("miscellaneous supplies")
- Forget to justify every line item
- Over-budget for contingency
- Include costs unrelated to the proposed work
- Underestimate costs (creates problems if funded)
- Forget agency-specific cost limitations (salary caps, F&A exclusions)

## Agency-Specific Notes

**NIH**: 
- Salary cap: Executive Level II (see [NIH Salary Cap Summary](https://grants.nih.gov/policy-and-compliance/policy-topics/nih-fiscal-policies/salary-cap-summary); e.g., $228,000 effective Jan 1, 2026)
- Modular budgets (≤$250K direct) require less detail
- Participant support costs excluded from F&A

**NSF**:
- No salary cap
- Generally 2 summer months maximum for 9-month faculty
- Cost sharing not required (except specific programs)

**DOE**:
- Often requires detailed budgets by quarter
- May require cost sharing
- Equipment often requires special justification

**DARPA**:
- Detailed costs by phase and task
- Often requires supporting cost data
- May need rates approved (DCAA audit for industry)

