### REGULATION (EU) 2024/1991 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

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of 24 June 2024
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on nature restoration and amending Regulation (EU) 2022/ 869
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(Text with EEA relevance)
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THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
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Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 192(1) thereof,
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Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,
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After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national parliaments,
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Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee (^1 ),
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Having regard to the opinion of the Committee of the Regions (^2 ),
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Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure (^3 ),
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Whereas:
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(1) It is necessary to lay down rules at Union level on the restoration of ecosystems to ensure the recovery of biodiverse
and resilient nature across the Union territory. Restoring ecosystems also contributes to the Union’s climate change
mitigation and climate change adaptation objectives.
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(2) The communication of the Commission of 11 December 2019 entitled ‘The European Green Deal’ (the ‘European
Green Deal’) sets out an ambitious roadmap to transform the Union into a fair and prosperous society, with
a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy, aiming to protect, conserve and enhance the Union’s natural
capital, and to protect the health and well-being of citizens from environment-related risks and impacts. As part of
the European Green Deal, the communication of the Commission of 20 May 2020 entitled ‘EU Biodiversity Strategy
for 2023 Bringing nature back into our lives’ sets out the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.
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(3) The Union and its Member States are parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (^4 ). As such, they are
committed to the long-term strategic vision, adopted at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to that
Convention on 18-29 October 2010 by Decision X/2 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, that, by 2050,
biodiversity is to be valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining
a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.
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(4) The Global Biodiversity Framework, adopted at the fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the
Convention on Biological Diversity on 7-19 December 2022, sets out action-oriented global targets for urgent action
over the decade to 2030. Target 1 is to ensure that all areas are under participatory, integrated and biodiversity
inclusive spatial planning and/or effective management processes addressing land and sea use change; to bring the
loss of areas of high biodiversity importance, including ecosystems of high ecological integrity, close to zero by
2030 while respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, as set out in the United Nations (UN)
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Target 2 is to ensure that, by 2030, at least 30 % of areas of
degraded terrestrial, inland water, and marine and coastal ecosystems are under effective restoration, in order to
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Official Journal
of the European Union
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### EN

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L series
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## 2024/1991 29.7.

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(^1 ) OJ C 140, 21.4.2023, p. 46.
(^2 ) OJ C 157, 3.5.2023, p. 38.
(^3 ) Position of the European Parliament of 27 February 2024 (not yet published in the Official Journal) and decision of the Council of
17 June 2024.
(^4 ) OJ L 309, 13.12.1993, p. 3.
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enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity. Target 11 is to
restore, maintain and enhance nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, such as
the regulation of air, water and climate, soil health, pollination and reduction of disease risk, as well as protection
from natural hazards and disasters, through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for the
benefit of all people and nature. The Global Biodiversity Framework will enable progress towards the achievement of
the outcome-oriented goals for 2050.
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(5) The UN Sustainable Development Goals, in particular goals 14.2, 15.1, 15.2 and 15.3, refer to the need to ensure
the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in
particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands.
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(6) In its resolution of 1 March 2019, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 2021-2030 as the UN decade on ecosystem
restoration, with the aim of supporting and scaling-up efforts to prevent, halt and reverse the degradation of
ecosystems worldwide and raise awareness of the importance of ecosystem restoration.
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(7) The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 aims to ensure that Europe’s biodiversity will be put on the path to recovery
by 2030 for the benefit of people, the planet, the climate and our economy. It sets out an ambitious EU Nature
Restoration Plan with a number of key commitments, including a commitment to put forward a proposal for legally
binding EU nature restoration targets to restore degraded ecosystems, in particular those with the most potential to
capture and store carbon, and to prevent and reduce the impact of natural disasters.
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(8) In its resolution of 9 June 2021 on the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, the European Parliament strongly
welcomed the commitment to draw up a legislative proposal with binding nature restoration targets, and
furthermore considered that in addition to an overall restoration target, ecosystem-, habitat- and species-specific
restoration targets should be included, covering forests, grasslands, wetlands, peatlands, pollinators, free-flowing
rivers, coastal areas and marine ecosystems.
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(9) In its conclusions of 23 October 2020, the Council acknowledged that preventing further decline of the current state
of biodiversity and nature will be essential, but not sufficient to bring nature back into our lives. The Council
reaffirmed that more ambition on nature restoration is needed, as proposed by the new EU Nature Restoration Plan,
which includes measures to protect and restore biodiversity beyond protected areas. The Council also stated that it
awaited a proposal for legally binding nature restoration targets, subject to an impact assessment.
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(10) The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 sets out a commitment to legally protect a minimum of 30 % of the land,
including inland waters, and 30 % of the sea in the Union, of which at least one third should be under strict
protection, including all remaining primary and old-growth forests. The criteria and guidance for the designation of
additional protected areas by Member States (the ‘Criteria and Guidance’), developed by the Commission in 2022, in
cooperation with Member States and stakeholders, highlight that if the restored areas comply or are expected to
comply, once restoration produces its full effect, with the criteria for protected areas, those restored areas should also
contribute towards the Union targets on protected areas. The Criteria and Guidance also highlight that protected
areas can provide an important contribution to the restoration targets in the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, by
creating the conditions for restoration efforts to be successful. This is particularly the case for areas which can
recover naturally by stopping or limiting some of the pressures from human activities. Placing such areas, including
in the marine environment, under strict protection, will, in some cases, be sufficient to lead to the recovery of the
natural values they host. Moreover, it is emphasised in the Criteria and Guidance that all Member States are expected
to contribute towards meeting the Union targets on protected areas set out in the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030,
to an extent that is proportionate to the natural values they host and to the potential they have for nature
restoration.
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(11) The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 sets out a target of ensuring that there is no deterioration in conservation
trends or in the status of protected habitats and species and that at least 30 % of species and habitats not currently in
favourable status will fall into that category or show a strong positive trend towards falling into that category by
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2030. The guidance developed by the Commission in cooperation with Member States and stakeholders to support
meeting these targets highlights that maintenance and restoration efforts are likely to be required for most of those
habitats and species, either by halting their current negative trends by 2030 or by maintaining current stable or
improving trends, or by preventing the decline of habitats and species with a favourable conservation status. That

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guidance further emphasises that those restoration efforts primarily need to be planned, implemented and
coordinated at national or regional level and that, in selecting and prioritising the species and habitats to be
improved by 2030, synergies with other Union and international targets, in particular environmental or climate
policy targets, are to be sought.
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(12) The Commission’s Report on the state of nature in the European Union of 15 October 2020 (the ‘2020 State of
Nature Report’) noted that the Union has not yet managed to stem the decline of protected habitat types and species
whose conservation is of concern to the Union. That decline is caused mostly by the abandonment of extensive
agriculture, intensifying management practices, the modification of hydrological regimes, urbanisation and pollution
as well as unsustainable forestry activities and species exploitation. Furthermore, invasive alien species and climate
change represent major and growing threats to native Union fauna and flora.
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(13) The European Green Deal will lead to a progressive and profound transformation of the economy of the Union and
its Member States, which in turn will have a strong bearing on the Union’s external action. It is important that the
Union uses its trade policy and extensive network of trade agreements to engage with partners on the protection of
the environment and biodiversity also globally, while promoting a level playing field.
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(14) It is appropriate to set an overarching objective for ecosystem restoration to foster economic and societal
transformation, the creation of high-quality jobs and sustainable growth. Biodiverse ecosystems such as wetland,
freshwater, forest as well as agricultural, sparsely vegetated, marine, coastal and urban ecosystems deliver, if in good
condition, a range of essential ecosystem services, and the benefits of restoring degraded ecosystems to good
condition in all land and sea areas far outweigh the costs of restoration. Those services contribute to a broad range of
socio-economic benefits, depending on the economic, social, cultural, regional and local characteristics.
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(15) The UN Statistical Commission adopted the System of Environmental Economic Accounting - Ecosystem
Accounting (SEEA EA) at its 52nd session in March 2021. SEEA EA constitutes an integrated and comprehensive
statistical framework for organising data about habitats and landscapes, measuring the extent, condition and services
of ecosystems, tracking changes in ecosystem assets, and linking that information to economic and other human
activity.
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(16) Securing biodiverse ecosystems and tackling climate change are intrinsically interlinked. Nature and nature-based
solutions, including natural carbon stocks and sinks, are fundamental for fighting the climate crisis. At the same
time, the climate crisis is already a driver of terrestrial and marine ecosystem change, and the Union needs to prepare
for the increasing intensity, frequency and pervasiveness of its effects. The Special Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on the impacts of global warming of 1,5 oC pointed out that some impacts may be
long-lasting or irreversible. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report states that restoring ecosystems will be fundamental
in helping to combat climate change and also in reducing risks to food security. The Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) in its 2019 Global Assessment Report on
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services considered climate change a key driver of change in nature, and it expected
impacts of climate change to increase over the coming decades, in some cases surpassing the impact of other drivers
of ecosystem change such as changed land and sea use.
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(17) Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^5 ) sets out a binding objective of climate
neutrality in the Union by 2050 and negative emissions thereafter, and to prioritise swift and predictable emission
reductions and, at the same time, enhance removals by natural sinks. The restoration of ecosystems can make an
important contribution to maintaining, managing and enhancing natural sinks and to increasing biodiversity while
fighting climate change. Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 also requires relevant Union institutions and the Member States
to ensure continuous progress in enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to
climate change. It also requires Member States to integrate adaptation in all policy areas and promote
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(^5 ) Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for
achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’) (OJ L 243,
9.7.2021, p. 1).
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ecosystem-based adaptation and nature-based solutions. Nature-based solutions are solutions that are inspired and
supported by nature, that are cost-effective, and that simultaneously provide environmental, social and economic
benefits and help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, and more diverse, nature and natural features and
processes into cities, landscapes and seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient and systemic
interventions. Nature-based solutions need to therefore benefit biodiversity and support the delivery of a range
of ecosystem services.
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(18) The communication of the Commission of 24 February 2021 entitled ‘Forging a climate-resilient Europe - the new
EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change’ emphasises the need to promote nature-based solutions and
recognises that cost-effective adaptation to climate change can be achieved by protecting and restoring wetlands and
peatlands as well as coastal and marine ecosystems, by developing urban green spaces and installing green roofs and
walls and by promoting and sustainably managing forests and farmland. Having a greater number of biodiverse
ecosystems leads to higher resilience to climate change and provides more effective forms of disaster reduction and
prevention.
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(19) Union climate policy is being revised in order to follow the pathway set out in Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 to reduce
net greenhouse gas emissions (emissions after deduction of removals) by at least 55 % compared to 1990 levels by
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2030. In particular, Regulation (EU) 2023/839 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^6 ) aims to strengthen
the contribution of the land sector to the overall climate ambition for 2030 and aligns objectives regarding
accounting of emissions and removals from the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector with related
policy initiatives on biodiversity. That Regulation emphasises the need for the protection and enhancement of
nature-based carbon removals, for the improvement of the resilience of ecosystems to climate change, for the
restoration of degraded land and ecosystems, and for rewetting peatlands. It further aims to improve the monitoring
and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals of land subject to protection and restoration. In that
context, it is important that ecosystems in all land categories, including forests, grasslands, croplands and wetlands,
are in good condition in order to be able to capture and store carbon effectively.

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(20) As indicated by the communication of the Commission of 23 March 2022 entitled ‘Safeguarding food security and
reinforcing the resilience of food systems’, geo-political developments have further underlined the need to safeguard
the resilience of food systems. Evidence shows that restoring agro-ecosystems has positive impacts on food
productivity in the long-term, and that the restoration of nature acts as an insurance policy to ensure the Union’s
long-term sustainability and resilience.
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(21) In the final report of the Conference on the Future of Europe of May 2022, citizens call on the Union to protect and
restore biodiversity, the landscape and oceans, eliminate pollution and to foster knowledge, awareness, education
and dialogues on environment, climate change, energy use, and sustainability.
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(22) The restoration of ecosystems, coupled with efforts to reduce wildlife trade and consumption, will also help prevent
and build up resilience to possible future communicable diseases with zoonotic potential, therefore decreasing the
risk of outbreaks and pandemics, and contribute to support the Union’s and global efforts to apply the One Health
approach, which recognises the intrinsic connection between human health, animal health and a healthy and
resilient nature.
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(23) Soils are an integral part of terrestrial ecosystems. The communication of the Commission of 17 November 2021
entitled ‘EU Soil Strategy for 2030 Reaping the benefits of healthy soils for people, food, nature and climate’ outlines
the need to restore degraded soils and enhance soil biodiversity. The Global Mechanism, a body set up under the
United Nations Convention to combat desertification in those countries experiencing serious drought and/or
desertification, particularly in Africa (^7 ), and the secretariat of that Convention have established the Land
Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme to assist countries to achieve land degradation neutrality by 2030.
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(^6 ) Regulation (EU) 2023/839 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 April 2023 amending Regulation (EU) 2018/841 as
regards the scope, simplifying the reporting and compliance rules, and setting out the targets of the Member States for 2030, and
Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 as regards improvement in monitoring, reporting, tracking of progress and review (OJ L 107,
21.4.2023, p. 1).
(^7 ) OJ L 83, 19.3.1998, p. 3.
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(24) Council Directive 92/43/EEC (^8 ) and Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (^9 ) aim to
ensure the long-term protection, conservation and survival of Europe’s most valuable and threatened species and
habitats as well as the ecosystems of which they are part. Natura 2000, which was established in 1992 and is the
largest coordinated network of protected areas in the world, is the key instrument implementing the objectives of
those two Directives. This Regulation should apply to the European territory of the Member States to which the
Treaties apply, thereby aligning with Directives 92/43/EEC and 2009/147/EC and also with Directive 2008/56/EC of
the European Parliament and of the Council (^10 ).
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(25) The Commission has developed a framework and guidance for the determination of good condition of habitat types
protected under Directive 92/43/EEC and the determination of sufficient quality and quantity of the habitats of
species falling within the scope of that Directive. Restoration targets for those habitat types and habitats of species
can be set based on that framework and guidance. However, such restoration will not be enough to reverse
biodiversity loss and for all ecosystems to recover. Therefore, in order to enhance biodiversity at the scale of wider
ecosystems, additional obligations should be established that are based on specific indicators.
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(26) Building on Directives 92/43/EEC and 2009/147/EC and in order to support the achievement of the objectives set
out in those Directives, Member States should put in place restoration measures to ensure the recovery of protected
habitats and species, including wild birds, across Union areas, also in areas that fall outside Natura 2000 sites.
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(27) Directive 92/43/EEC aims to maintain and restore, at favourable conservation status, natural habitats and species of
wild fauna and flora of Union interest. However, it does not set a deadline to achieve that goal. Similarly, Directive
2009/147/EC does not establish a deadline for the recovery of bird populations in the Union.
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(28) Deadlines should be established for putting in place restoration measures within and outside Natura 2000 sites, in
order to gradually improve the condition of protected habitat types across the Union and in order to re-establish
them until the favourable reference area needed to reach favourable conservation status of those habitat types in the
Union is reached. Member States should, as appropriate, until 2030, give priority to areas of habitat types that are
not in good condition and that are located in Natura 2000 sites when putting in place restoration measures, given
the essential role of those sites for nature conservation and the fact that under existing Union law there is already an
obligation to put in place effective systems to ensure long-term effectiveness of the restoration measures in
Natura 2000 sites. In order to give the necessary flexibility to Member States to make large scale restoration efforts,
Member States should retain the possibility to put in place restoration measures in areas of habitat types that are not
in good condition and that are located outside Natura 2000 sites, when it is justified by specific local circumstances
and conditions. Moreover, it is appropriate to group habitat types according to the ecosystem to which they belong
and set the time-bound and quantified area-based targets for groups of habitat types. This would allow Member
States to choose which habitats to restore first within the group.
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(29) The requirements set for the habitats of species that fall within the scope of Directive 92/43/EEC and for habitats of
wild birds falling within the scope of Directive 2009/147/EC should be similar, having special regard to the
connectivity needed between both of those habitats in order for the species populations to thrive.
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(30) It is necessary that the restoration measures for habitat types are adequate and suitable for those habitat types to
reach good condition and favourable reference areas are established as swiftly as possible, with a view to reaching
favourable conservation status of those habitat types. It is important that the restoration measures are those
necessary to meet the time-bound and quantified area-based targets. It is also necessary that the restoration measures
for habitats of the species are adequate and suitable to reach sufficient quality and quantity as swiftly as possible with
a view to reaching favourable conservation status of the species.
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(^8 ) Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ L 206,
22.7.1992, p. 7).
(^9 ) Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds (OJ
L 20, 26.1.2010, p. 7).
(^10 ) Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community
action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive) (OJ L 164, 25.6.2008, p. 19).
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(31) Restoration measures put in place under this Regulation to restore or maintain certain habitat types listed in
Annex I, such as grasslands, heath or wetland habitat types, could in certain cases require the removal of forest in
order to reinstall conservation-driven management, which might include activities such as mowing or grazing.
Nature restoration and halting deforestation are both important and mutually reinforcing environmental objectives.
The Commission will develop guidelines, as mentioned in recital 36 of Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 of the European
Parliament and of the Council (^11 ), in order to clarify the interpretation of the definition of ‘agricultural use’ set out in
that Regulation, in particular in relation to the conversion of forest to land the purpose of which is not agricultural
use.
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(32) It is important to ensure that the restoration measures put in place under this Regulation deliver a concrete and
measurable improvement in the condition of the ecosystems, both at the level of the individual areas subject to
restoration and at national and Union levels.
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(33) In order to ensure that the restoration measures are efficient and that their results can be measured over time, it is
essential that the areas that are subject to such restoration measures, with a view to improving the condition of
habitats that fall within the scope of Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC, to re-establish those habitats and to improve
their connectivity, show continuous improvement until good condition is reached.
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(34) It is also essential that the areas that are subject to restoration measures with a view to improving the quality and
quantity of the habitats of species that fall within the scope of Directive 92/43/EEC, as well as habitats of wild birds
falling within the scope of Directive 2009/147/EC, show a continuous improvement to contribute to the
achievement of a sufficient quantity and quality of the habitats of such species.
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(35) It is important to ensure that the areas covered by habitat types falling within the scope of Directive 92/43/EEC that
are in good condition across the European territory of Member States and of the Union as a whole are gradually
increased until the favourable reference area for each habitat type is reached and at least 90 % at Member State level
of such areas are in good condition, so as to allow those habitat types in the Union to reach favourable conservation
status. Member States should, where duly justified and for habitat types that are very common and widespread in the
Union and that cover more than 3 % of the European territory of the Member State concerned, be allowed to apply
a percentage lower than 90 % for the area that is to be in good condition for individual habitat types listed in
Annex I to this Regulation if that percentage would not prevent favourable conservation status for those habitat
types, as determined pursuant to Article 1, point (e), of Directive 92/43/EEC, from being reached or maintained at
national biogeographical level. If a Member State applies that derogation, the Member State should justify it in its
national restoration plan.
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(36) It is important to ensure that the quality and quantity of the habitats of species that fall within the scope of Directive
92/43/EEC, as well as of habitats of wild birds falling within the scope of Directive 2009/147/EC, across the
European territory of Member States and of the Union as a whole are gradually increased until they are sufficient to
ensure the long-term survival of those species.
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(37) It is important that Member States put in place measures which aim to ensure that the areas covered by habitat types
falling within the scope of this Regulation subject to restoration measures show a continuous improvement in
condition until they reach good condition, and that Member States put in place measures which aim to ensure that
once they have reached good condition, those habitat types do not significantly deteriorate, so as not to jeopardise
the long-term maintenance or achievement of good condition. Not achieving those outcomes does not imply
a failure to comply with the obligation to put in place measures suitable for reaching those outcomes. It is also
important that Member States endeavour to make efforts with the aim of preventing significant deterioration of
areas covered by such habitat types that are either already in good condition or that are not in good condition but
are not yet subject to restoration measures. Such measures are important to avoid increasing the restoration needs in
the future and should focus on areas of habitat types, as identified by the Member States in their national restoration
plans, the restoration of which is necessary in order to meet the restoration targets. It is appropriate to consider the
possibility of force majeure, such as natural disasters, which could result in the deterioration of areas covered by those
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(^11 ) Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2023 on the making available on the Union
market and the export from the Union of certain commodities and products associated with deforestation and forest degradation
and repealing Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 (OJ L 150, 9.6.2023, p. 206).
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habitat types, as well as unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change. Outside
Natura 2000 sites it is appropriate to consider also the result of a plan or project of overriding public interest for
which no less damaging alternative solutions are available. For areas subject to restoration measures, this should be
determined on a case-by-case basis. For Natura 2000 sites, plans and projects are authorised in accordance with
Article 6(4) of Directive 92/43/EEC. It is appropriate to ensure that Member States retain the possibility, in the
absence of alternatives, to apply the non-deterioration requirement at the level of each biogeographical region of
their territory for each habitat type and each habitat of species. Such possibility should be allowed under certain
conditions, including that compensatory measures are taken for each significant deterioration occurrence. Where, as
a desired result of a restoration measure, an area is transformed from one habitat type falling within the scope of this
Regulation to another habitat type falling within the scope of this Regulation, the area should not be considered to
have deteriorated.
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(38) For the purposes of the derogations from the obligations of continuous improvement and non-deterioration outside
Natura 2000 sites under this Regulation, plants for the production of energy from renewable sources, their
connection to the grid, the related grid itself and storage assets, should be presumed by the Member States as being
of overriding public interest. Member States should be able to decide to restrict the application of that presumption
in duly justified and specific circumstances, such as for reasons related to national defence. In addition, Member
States should be able to exempt such renewable energy projects from the obligation that no less damaging alternative
solutions are available for the purposes of the application of those derogations, provided that the projects have been
subject to a strategic environmental assessment or an environmental impact assessment. Considering such plants as
being of overriding public interest and, where applicable, limiting the requirement to assess less damaging alternative
solutions would allow such projects to benefit from a simplified assessment as regards the derogations to the
assessment of overriding public interest under this Regulation.
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(39) Activities which have defence or national security as their sole purpose should be given utmost priority. Therefore,
when putting in place restoration measures, Member States should be able to exempt areas used for such activities, if
those measures are deemed to be incompatible with the continued military use of the areas in question. In addition,
for the purpose of the application of the provisions of this Regulation on derogations from the obligations of
continuous improvement and non-deterioration outside Natura 2000 sites, Member States should be allowed to
presume that plans and projects concerning such activities are of overriding public interest. Member States should
also be able to exempt such plans and projects from the obligation that no less damaging alternative solutions are
available. However, if they apply this exemption, Member States should be required to put in place measures, as far
as reasonable and practicable, with the aim to mitigate the impact of those plans and projects on the habitat types.
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(40) The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 emphasises the need for stronger action to restore degraded marine
ecosystems, including carbon-rich ecosystems and important fish spawning and nursery areas. That strategy also sets
out that the Commission is to propose a new action plan to conserve fisheries resources and protect marine
ecosystems.
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(41) The marine habitat types listed in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC are defined broadly and comprise many
ecologically different sub-types with different restoration potential, which makes it difficult for Member States to put
in place appropriate restoration measures at the level of those habitat types. The marine habitat types listed in
Annex I to that Directive should therefore be further specified by using relevant levels of the European nature
information system (EUNIS) classification of marine habitats. Member States should establish favourable reference
areas for reaching the favourable conservation status of each of those habitat types, in so far as those reference areas
are not already addressed in other Union legislation. The group of marine soft sediment habitat types, corresponding
to certain of the benthic broad habitat types specified under Directive 2008/56/EC, is widely represented in marine
waters of several Member States. Member States should therefore be allowed to limit the restoration measures that
are put in place gradually, to a smaller proportion of the area of these habitat types that are not in good condition,
provided that this does not prevent good environmental status, as determined pursuant to Directive 2008/56/EC,
from being achieved or maintained, taking into account in particular threshold values for descriptors for
determining good environmental status referred to in points 1 and 6 of Annex I to that Directive, laid down in
accordance with Article 9(3) of that Directive, for the extent of loss of these habitat types, for adverse effects on the
condition of these habitat types and for the maximum allowable extent of those adverse effects.
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(42) Where the protection of coastal and marine habitats requires that fishing or aquaculture activities be regulated, the
common fisheries policy (CFP) applies. Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 of the European Parliament and of the
Council (^12 ) provides, in particular, that the CFP is to implement the ecosystem-based approach to fisheries
management so as to ensure that negative impacts of fishing activities on the marine ecosystem are minimised. That
Regulation also provides that the CFP is to endeavour to ensure that aquaculture and fisheries activities avoid
degradation of the marine environment.
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(43) In order to achieve the objective of continuous, long-term and sustained recovery of biodiverse and resilient nature,
Member States should make full use of the possibilities provided under the CFP. Member States have the possibility,
within the scope of the exclusive competence of the Union with regard to conservation of marine biological
resources, to take non-discriminatory measures for the conservation and management of fish stocks and the
maintenance or improvement of the conservation status of marine ecosystems within the limit of 12 nautical miles.
In addition, Member States that have a direct management interest, as defined in Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013,
have the possibility to agree to submit joint recommendations for conservation measures necessary for compliance
with obligations under Union environmental law. Where a Member State includes conservation measures necessary
to contribute to the objectives of this Regulation in its national restoration plan and those conservation measures
require the submission of joint recommendations, the Member State concerned should engage in consultation and
submit those joint recommendations within a deadline that allows for their timely adoption before their respective
deadlines, with a view to promoting the coherence between different policies on conservation of marine ecosystems.
Such measures are to be assessed and adopted in accordance with the rules and procedures provided for under the
CFP.
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(44) Directive 2008/56/EC requires Member States to cooperate bilaterally and within regional and sub-regional
cooperation mechanisms, including through Regional Sea Conventions, namely the Convention for the Protection of
the Marine Environment in the North-East Atlantic (^13 ), the Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment
in the Baltic Sea Area (^14 ), the Convention for the Protection of Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the
Mediterranean (^15 ) and the Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea, signed in Bucharest on 21 April 1992, as
well as, where fisheries measures are concerned, in the context of the regional groups established under the CFP.
```
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(45) It is important that restoration measures be put in place also for the habitats of certain marine species, such as
sharks and rays, that fall within the scope of, for example, the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species
of Wild Animals, signed in Bonn on 23 June 1979, or the Regional Sea Conventions’ lists of endangered and
threatened species, but outside the scope of Directive 92/43/EEC, as they have an important function in the
ecosystem.
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```
(46) To support the restoration and non-deterioration of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine habitats, Member
States have the possibility to designate additional areas as ‘protected areas’ or ‘strictly protected areas’, to implement
other effective area-based conservation measures, and to promote private land conservation measures.
```
```
(47) Urban ecosystems represent around 22 % of the land surface of the Union and constitute the area in which the
majority of the citizens of the Union live. Urban green spaces include, inter alia, urban forests, parks and gardens,
urban farms, tree-lined streets, urban meadows and urban hedges. Urban ecosystems, like the other ecosystems
addressed in this Regulation, provide important habitats for biodiversity, in particular plants, birds and insects,
including pollinators. They also provide many other vital ecosystem services, including natural disaster risk
reduction and control such as for floods and heat island effects, cooling, recreation, water and air filtration, as well as
climate change mitigation and adaptation. Increasing urban green space is an important parameter for measuring the
increase of the ability of urban ecosystems to provide those vital services. Increasing green cover in a given urban
area slows water run-off thus reducing river pollution risk from storm water overflow and helps keep summer
temperatures down, building climate resilience, and provides additional space for nature to thrive. Increasing the
level of urban green space will, in many cases, improve the health of the urban ecosystem. In turn, healthy urban
ecosystems are essential for supporting the health of other key European ecosystems, for example by connecting
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(^12 ) Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the Common Fisheries
Policy, amending Council Regulations (EC) No 1954/2003 and (EC) No 1224/2009 and repealing Council Regulations
(EC) No 2371/2002 and (EC) No 639/2004 and Council Decision 2004/585/EC (OJ L 354, 28.12.2013, p. 22).
(^13 ) OJ L 104, 3.4.1998, p. 2.
(^14 ) OJ L 73, 16.3.1994, p. 20.
(^15 ) OJ L 240, 19.9.1977, p. 3.
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natural areas in the surrounding countryside, improving river health away from the city, providing a haven and
breeding ground for bird and pollinator species linked to agricultural and forest habitats, as well as providing
important habitats for migrating birds.
```
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(48) Actions to ensure that the coverage of urban green spaces, in particular trees, will no longer be at risk of being
reduced need to be strongly enhanced. In order to ensure that urban green spaces continue to provide the necessary
ecosystem services, their loss should be stopped and they should be restored and increased, inter alia by integrating
green infrastructure and nature-based solutions, such as green roofs and green walls, in the design of buildings. Such
integration can contribute to maintaining and increasing not only the area of urban green space but also, if trees are
included, the area of urban tree canopy cover.
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(49) Scientific evidence suggests that artificial light negatively impacts biodiversity. Artificial light can also impact human
health. When preparing their national restoration plans under this Regulation, Member States should be able to
consider to stop, reduce or remediate light pollution in all ecosystems.
```
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(50) The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 requires greater efforts to be made to restore freshwater ecosystems and the
natural functions of rivers. The restoration of freshwater ecosystems should include efforts to restore the natural
connectivity of rivers as well as their riparian areas and floodplains, including through the removal of artificial
barriers, in order to support reaching of favourable conservation status for rivers, lakes and alluvial habitats and
species living in those habitats protected by Directives 92/43/EEC and 2009/147/EC, and the achievement of one of
the key objectives of the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, namely, the restoration of at least 25 000 km of
free-flowing rivers, as compared to 2020 when the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 was adopted. When removing
barriers, Member States should primarily address obsolete barriers, which are those that are no longer needed for
renewable energy generation, inland navigation, water supply or other uses.
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(51) In the Union, pollinators have dramatically declined in recent decades, with one in three bee species and butterfly
species in decline and one in ten such species on the verge of extinction. Pollinators are essential for the functioning
of terrestrial ecosystems, human wellbeing and food security, by pollinating wild and cultivated plants. The 2021
Report based on the output of the Integrated system for Natural Capital Accounting (INCA) project, jointly
undertaken by the Commission services and the European Environment Agency (EEA),shows that almost
EUR 5 000 000 000 of the Union’s annual agricultural output is directly attributed to insect pollinators.
```
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(52) With its communication of 1 June 2018, the Commission launched the EU Pollinators Initiative in response to calls
from the European Parliament and from the Council to address the decline of pollinators. The progress report of
27 May 2021 on the implementation of that initiativeshowed that significant challenges remain in tackling the
drivers of pollinator decline, including on the use of pesticides. Both the European Parliament, in its resolution of 9
of June, and the Council, in its conclusions of 17 December 2020 on the European Court of Auditors’ Special Report
No 15/2020, have called for stronger action to tackle pollinator decline, the establishment of a Union-wide
monitoring framework for pollinators, and clear objectives and indicators regarding the commitment to reverse the
decline of pollinators. In its Special Report issued in 2020, the European Court of Auditors recommended that the
Commission set up appropriate governance and monitoring mechanisms for actions to address threats to
pollinators. In its communication of 24 January 2023, the Commission presented a revised EU Pollinators Initiative
entitled ‘Revision of the EU Pollinators Initiative A new deal for pollinators’, which sets out actions to be taken by the
Union and its Member States to reverse the decline of pollinators by 2030.
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(53) The proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the sustainable use of plant
protection products aims to regulate one of the drivers of pollinator decline by prohibiting the use of pesticides in
ecologically sensitive areas, many of which are covered by this Regulation, for example areas sustaining pollinator
species which the European Red Lists of species classify as being threatened with extinction.
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(54) Sustainable, resilient and biodiverse agricultural ecosystems are needed to provide safe, sustainable, nutritious and
affordable food. Biodiversity-rich agricultural ecosystems also increase agriculture’s resilience to climate change and
environmental risks, while ensuring food safety and security and creating new jobs in rural areas, in particular jobs
linked to organic farming as well as rural tourism and recreation. Therefore, the Union needs to improve the
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biodiversity of its agricultural lands, through a variety of existing practices that are beneficial to or compatible with
biodiversity enhancement, including through the use of extensive agriculture. Extensive agriculture is vital for the
maintenance of many species and habitats in biodiversity-rich areas. There are many extensive agricultural practices
which have multiple and significant benefits on the protection of biodiversity, ecosystem services and landscape
features, such as precision agriculture, organic farming, agro-ecology, agroforestry and low intensity permanent
grassland. Such practices do not intend to stop agricultural land-use but rather to adapt this type of use for the
benefit of the long-term functioning and productivity of the agricultural ecosystems. Financially attractive funding
schemes for owners, farmers and other land-managers to voluntarily engage in such practices are important in
delivering the long-term benefits of restoration.
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(55) Restoration measures need to be put in place to enhance the biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems across the
Union, including in the areas not covered by habitat types that fall within the scope of Directive 92/43/EEC. In the
absence of a common method for assessing the condition of agricultural ecosystems that would allow setting specific
restoration targets for agricultural ecosystems, it is appropriate to set a general obligation to improve biodiversity in
agricultural ecosystems and measure the fulfilment of that obligation on the basis of a selection of indicators out of
the grassland butterfly index, the stock of organic carbon in cropland mineral soils or the share of agricultural land
with high diversity landscape features.
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(56) Since farmland birds are well-known and widely recognised key indicators of the health of agricultural ecosystems, it
is appropriate to set targets for their recovery. The obligation to meet such targets should apply to Member States,
not to individual farmers. Member States should meet those targets by putting in place effective restoration measures
on farmland, working with and supporting farmers and other stakeholders for their design and implementation on
the ground.
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(57) High-diversity landscape features on agricultural land, including buffer strips, rotational or non-rotational fallow
land, hedgerows, individual or groups of trees, tree rows, field margins, patches, ditches, streams, small wetlands,
terraces, cairns, stonewalls, small ponds and cultural features, provide space for wild plants and animals, including
pollinators, prevent soil erosion and depletion, filter air and water, support climate change mitigation and
adaptation, and agricultural productivity of pollination-dependent crops. Productive features can also be considered
as high-diversity landscape features under certain conditions.
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(58) The common agricultural policy (CAP) aims to support and strengthen environmental protection, including
biodiversity. The policy has among its specific objectives to contribute to halting and reversing biodiversity loss,
enhance ecosystem services and preserve habitats and landscapes. The new CAP conditionality standard Nr. 8 on
Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions of Lands (GAEC 8), set out in Annex III to Regulation (EU)
2021/2115 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^16 ), requires beneficiaries of area-related payments to
have at least 4 % of arable land at farm level devoted to non-productive areas and features, such as land lying fallow,
and to retain existing landscape features. The 4 % share that is to be attributed to compliance with the GAEC 8
standard can be reduced to 3 % if certain pre-requisites are met. That obligation will contribute to Member States
reaching a positive trend in high-diversity landscape features on agricultural land. In addition, under the CAP,
Member States have the possibility to set up eco-schemes for agricultural practices carried out by farmers on
agricultural areas that may include maintenance and creation of landscape features or non-productive areas.
Similarly, in their CAP strategic plans, Member States can also include agri-environment-climate commitments,
including the enhanced management of landscape features going beyond the GAEC 8 standard or eco-schemes.
Projects under the sub-programme ‘Nature and Biodiversity’ of the LIFE Programme, established by Regulation (EU)
2021/783 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^17 ), will also help to put Europe’s biodiversity on
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(^16 ) Regulation (EU) 2021/2115 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 December 2021 establishing rules on support for
strategic plans to be drawn up by Member States under the common agricultural policy (CAP Strategic Plans) and financed by the
European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and
repealing Regulations (EU) No 1305/2013 and (EU) No 1307/2013 (OJ L 435, 6.12.2021, p. 1).
(^17 ) Regulation (EU) 2021/783 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2021 establishing a Programme for the
Environment and Climate Action (LIFE), and repealing Regulation (EU) No 1293/2013 (OJ L 172, 17.5.2021, p. 53).
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agricultural land on a path to recovery by 2030, by supporting the implementation of Directives 92/43/EEC and
2009/147/EC as well as the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.
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(59) Restoration and rewetting of organic soils, as defined in 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories, in agricultural use, i.e. under grassland and cropland use, constituting drained peatlands help achieve
significant biodiversity benefits, an important reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental
benefits, while at the same time contributing to a diverse agricultural landscape. Member States can choose from
a wide range of restoration measures for drained peatlands in agricultural use, spanning from converting cropland to
permanent grassland and extensification measures accompanied by reduced drainage, to full rewetting with the
opportunity of paludicultural use, or the establishment of peat-forming vegetation. The most significant climate
benefits are created by restoring and rewetting cropland followed by the restoration of intensive grassland. To allow
for a flexible implementation of the restoration target for drained peatlands under agricultural use, Member States
should be able to count the restoration measures and rewetting of drained peatlands in areas of peat extraction sites
as well as, to a certain extent, the restoration and rewetting of drained peatlands under other land uses, for example
forest, as contributing to meeting of the restoration targets for drained peatlands under agricultural use. Where duly
justified, if rewetting of drained peatland under agricultural use cannot be implemented due to considerable negative
impacts on buildings, infrastructure, climate adaptation or other public interests, and it is not feasible to rewet
peatlands under other land uses, it should be possible for the Member States to reduce the extent of the rewetting of
peatlands.
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(60) In order to reap the full biodiversity benefits, restoration and rewetting of areas of drained peatland should extend
beyond the areas of wetlands habitat types listed in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC that are to be restored and
re-established. Data about the extent of organic soils as well as their greenhouse gas emissions and removals are
monitored and made available by LULUCF sector reporting in national greenhouse gas inventories by Member States,
submitted under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Restored and rewetted peatlands can continue
to be used productively in alternative ways. For example, paludiculture, the practice of farming on wet peatlands, can
include cultivation of various types of reeds, certain forms of timber, blueberry and cranberry cultivation, sphagnum
farming and grazing with water buffaloes. Such practices should be based on the principles of sustainable
management and aimed at enhancing biodiversity so that they can have a high value both financially and
ecologically. Paludiculture can also be beneficial to several species which are endangered in the Union and can also
facilitate the connectivity of wetland areas and of associated species populations in the Union. Funding for measures
to restore and rewet drained peatlands and to compensate possible losses of income can come from a wide range of
sources, including expenditure under the Union budget and Union financing programmes.
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(61) The new EU Forest Strategy for 2030, set out in the communication of the Commission of 16 July 2021, outlined
the need to restore forest biodiversity. Forests and other wooded land cover over 43,5 % of the Union’s land space.
Forest ecosystems that host rich biodiversity are vulnerable to climate change but are also a natural ally in adapting
to and fighting climate change and climate-related risks, including through their carbon-stock and carbon-sink
functions, and provide many other vital ecosystem services and benefits, such as the provision of timber and wood,
food and other non-wood products, climate regulation, soil stabilisation and erosion control, and the purification of
air and water.
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(62) Restoration measures need to be put in place to enhance the biodiversity of forest ecosystems across the Union,
including in the areas not covered by habitat types falling within the scope of Directive 92/43/EEC. In the absence of
a common method for assessing the condition of forest ecosystems that would allow for the setting of specific
restoration targets for forest ecosystems, it is appropriate to set a general obligation to improve biodiversity in forest
ecosystems and measure the fulfilment of that obligation on the basis of the common forest bird index and of
a selection of other indicators, out of standing deadwood, lying deadwood, share of forests with uneven-aged
structure, forest connectivity, stock of organic carbon, share of forests dominated by native tree species and tree
species diversity.
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(63) When planning and putting in place the restoration measures necessary to enhance biodiversity in forest ecosystems
and when setting satisfactory levels for biodiversity indicators for forests, Member States should take into account
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the risks of forest fire, based on local circumstances. Member States should make use of best practices to reduce such
risks, particularly as described in the Commission’s Guidelines on land-based wildfire prevention issued in 2021.
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(64) The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 sets out a commitment to plant at least 3 billion additional trees in the Union
by 2030, in full respect of ecological principles. The New EU Forest Strategy for 2030, set out in the communication
of the Commission of 16 July 2021, includes a roadmap for the implementation of that commitment based on the
overall principle of planting and growing the right tree in the right place and for the right purpose. An online tree
counter is available as a tool to record contributions to and progress on the commitment and Member States should
document trees planted in the tool. As set out in the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and in the roadmap in the
New EU Forest Strategy for 2030, on 17 March 2023 the Commission issued Guidelines on biodiversity-friendly
afforestation, reforestation and tree planting. Those Guidelines, which articulate the framework of ecological
principles to consider, aim to contribute to the commitment and, through this, to support the implementation of
this Regulation.
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(65) Restoration targets and obligations for habitats and species protected under Directives 92/43/EEC and 2009/147/EC
for pollinators and for freshwater, urban, agricultural and forest ecosystems should be complementary and work in
synergy, with a view to achieving the overarching objective of restoring ecosystems across the Member States’ land
and sea areas. The restoration measures required to meet one specific target will, in many cases, contribute to
meeting other targets or fulfilling other obligations. Member States should therefore plan restoration measures
strategically with a view to maximising their effectiveness in contributing to the recovery of nature across the Union.
Restoration measures should also be planned in such manner that they address climate change mitigation and
climate change adaptation and the prevention and control of the impact of natural disasters, as well as land
degradation. They should aim to optimise the ecological, economic and social functions of ecosystems, including
their productivity potential, taking into account their contribution to the sustainable development of the relevant
regions and communities. In order to avoid unintended consequences, Member States should also consider the
foreseeable socio-economic impacts and estimated benefits of the implementation of the restoration measures. It is
important that Member States prepare detailed national restoration plans based on the best available scientific
evidence. Documented records on historic distribution and area, as well as on the projected changes to
environmental conditions due to climate change, should inform the determination of favourable reference areas for
habitat types. Furthermore, it is important that the public is given early and effective opportunities to participate in
the preparation of the plans. Member States should take account of the specific conditions and needs in their
territory, in order for the plans to respond to the relevant pressures, threats and drivers of biodiversity loss, and
should cooperate to ensure restoration and connectivity across borders.
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(66) To ensure synergies between the different measures that have been, and are to be put in place to protect, conserve
and restore nature in the Union, Member States should take into account, when preparing their national restoration
plans: the conservation measures established for Natura 2000 sites and the prioritised action frameworks prepared
in accordance with Directives 92/43/EEC and 2009/147/EC; measures for achieving good ecological and chemical
status of water bodies included in river basin management plans prepared in accordance with Directive 2000/60/EC
of the European Parliament and of the Council (^18 ); marine strategies for achieving good environmental status for all
Union marine regions prepared in accordance with Directive 2008/56/EC; national air pollution control
programmes prepared under Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^19 ); national
biodiversity strategies and action plans developed in accordance with Article 6 of the Convention on Biological
Diversity, as well as conservation measures adopted in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 and
technical measures adopted in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2019/1241 of the European Parliament and of the
Council (^20 ).
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(^18 ) Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community
action in the field of water policy (OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p. 1).
(^19 ) Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national
emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (OJ L 344,
17.12.2016, p. 1).
(^20 ) Regulation (EU) 2019/1241 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on the conservation of fisheries
resources and the protection of marine ecosystems through technical measures, amending Council Regulations (EC) No 1967/2006,
(EC) No 1224/2009 and Regulations (EU) No 1380/2013, (EU) 2016/1139, (EU) 2018/973, (EU) 2019/472 and (EU) 2019/1022 of
the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Council Regulations (EC) No 894/97, (EC) No 850/98, (EC)
No 2549/2000, (EC) No 254/2002, (EC) No 812/2004 and (EC) No 2187/2005 (OJ L 198, 25.7.2019, p. 105).
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(67) In order to ensure coherence between the objectives of this Regulation and Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the
European Parliament and of the Council (^21 ), Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the
Council (^22 ) and Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (^23 ) as regards the promotion of
energy from renewable sources, in particular, during the preparation of national restoration plans, Member States
should take account of the potential for renewable energy projects to contribute towards fulfilling nature restoration
objectives.
```
```
(68) Considering the importance of addressing consistently the dual challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change,
the restoration of biodiversity should take into account the deployment of renewable energy and vice versa. It should
be possible to combine restoration activities and the deployment of renewable energy projects, wherever possible,
including in renewables acceleration areas and dedicated grid areas. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 requires Member
States to carry out a coordinated mapping for the deployment of renewable energy in their territory in order to
identify the domestic potential and the available land surface, sub-surface, sea or inland water that are necessary for
the installation of renewable energy plants and their related infrastructure, such as grid and storage facilities,
including thermal storage, that are required in order to fulfil at least their national contributions towards the revised
2030 renewable energy target. Such necessary areas, including the existing plants and cooperation mechanisms, are
to be commensurate with the estimated trajectories and total planned installed capacity by renewable energy
technology set in the national energy and climate plans. Member States should designate a sub-set of such areas as
renewables acceleration areas. Renewables acceleration areas are specific locations, whether on land or sea, that are
particularly suitable for the installation of plants for the production of energy from renewable sources, where the
deployment of a specific type of renewable energy is not expected to have significant environmental impacts, in view
of the particularities of the selected territory. Member States are to give priority to artificial and built surfaces, such
as rooftops and facades of buildings, transport infrastructure and their direct surroundings, parking areas, farms,
waste sites, industrial sites, mines, artificial inland water bodies, lakes or reservoirs, and, where appropriate, urban
waste water treatment sites, as well as degraded land not usable for agriculture.Directive (EU) 2018/2001 also
establishes that Member States be allowed to adopt a plan or plans to designate dedicated infrastructure areas for the
development of grid and storage projects that are necessary to integrate renewable energy into the electricity system,
where such development is not expected to have a significant environmental impact, such an impact can be duly
mitigated or, where that is not possible, compensated for. The aim of such areas is to be to support and complement
the renewables acceleration areas. In the designation of renewables acceleration areas and dedicated infrastructure
areas, Member States are to avoid protected areas and consider their national restoration plans. Member States
should coordinate the development of national restoration plans with the mapping of areas that are required in order
to meet at least their national contribution towards the 2030 renewable energy target and, where relevant, with the
designation of the renewables acceleration areas and dedicated grid areas. During the preparation of the national
restoration plans, Member States should ensure synergies with the build-up of renewable energy and energy
infrastructure and with renewables acceleration areas and dedicated grid areas that have already been designated and
ensure that the functioning of those areas, including the permit-granting procedures applicable in those areas
provided for by Directive (EU) 2018/2001, remain unchanged.
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(69) In order to ensure synergies with restoration measures that have already been planned or put in place in Member
States, the national restoration plans should recognise those restoration measures and take them into account. In
light of the urgency signalled by the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report for taking action on the restoration of degraded
ecosystems, Member States should implement those measures in parallel with the preparation of the restoration
plans.
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(70) The national restoration plans and the measures to restore habitats, as well as the measures to prevent habitats from
deteriorating, should also take into account the results of research projects relevant for assessing the condition of
ecosystems, identifying and putting in place restoration measures, and monitoring purposes. Where appropriate,
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(^21 ) Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of
energy from renewable sources (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82).
(^22 ) Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy
Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the
Council, Directives 94/22/EC, 98/70/EC, 2009/31/EC, 2009/73/EC, 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2013/30/EU of the European
Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of
the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 1).
(^23 ) Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 relating to the quality of petrol and diesel
fuels and amending Council Directive 93/12/EEC (OJ L 350, 28.12.1998, p. 58).
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they should also take into account the diversity of situations in the various regions of the Union, in accordance with
Article 191(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), such as social, economic and cultural
requirements and regional and local characteristics, including population density.
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(71) It is appropriate to take into account the specific situation of the Union’s outermost regions, as listed in Article 349
TFEU, which provides for specific measures to support those regions. As envisaged in the EU Biodiversity Strategy
for 2030, particular focus should be placed on protecting and restoring the outermost regions’ ecosystems, given
their exceptionally rich biodiversity value. At the same time, the associated costs for protecting and restoring those
ecosystems and the remoteness, insularity, small size, difficult topography and climate of the outermost regions
should be taken into account, in particular when preparing the national restoration plans. Member States are
encouraged to include, on a voluntary basis, specific restoration measures in those outermost regions that do not fall
within the scope of this Regulation.
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(72) The EEA should support Member States in preparing their national restoration plans, as well as in monitoring
progress towards meeting the restoration targets and fulfilling the obligations. The Commission should assess
whether the national restoration plans are adequate for meeting those targets and fulfilling those obligations, for
fulfilling the Union’s overarching objectives to jointly cover, as a Union target, throughout the areas and ecosystems
within the scope of this Regulation, at least 20 % of land areas, and at least 20 % of sea areas by 2030, and all
ecosystems in need of restoration by 2050, the objectives to restore at least 25 000 km of rivers into free-flowing
rivers in the Union by 2030, as well as for contributing to the commitment of planting at least 3 billion additional
trees in the Union by 2030.
```
```
(73) The 2020 State of Nature Report has shown that a substantial share of the information reported by Member States
in accordance with Article 17 of Directive 92/43/EEC and Article 12 of Directive 2009/147/EC, in particular on the
conservation status and trends of the habitats and species they protect, comes from partial surveys or is based only
on expert judgment. That report also showed that the status of several habitat types and species protected under
Directive 92/43/EEC is still unknown. Filling in those knowledge gaps and investing in monitoring and surveillance
are necessary in order to underpin robust and science-based national restoration plans. In order to increase the
timeliness, effectiveness and coherence of various monitoring methods, monitoring and surveillance should make
best possible use of the results of Union-funded research and innovation projects, new technologies, such as in-situ
monitoring and remote sensing using space data and services delivered under the EGNOS, Galileo and Copernicus
components of the Union Space Programme, established by Regulation (EU) 2021/696 of the European Parliament
and of the Council (^24 ). The EU missions ‘Restore Our Ocean and Waters’, ‘Adaptation to Climate Change’, and ‘A Soil
Deal for Europe’, set out in the communication from the Commission of 29 September 2021 on European Missions,
will support the implementation of the restoration targets.
```
```
(74) Considering the particular technical and financial challenges associated with mapping and monitoring marine
environments, Member States should be able, as a complement to information reported in accordance with
Article 17 of Directive 92/43/EEC and in accordance with Article 17 of Directive 2008/56/EC, to use information
about pressures and threats or other relevant information as a basis for extrapolation when assessing the condition
of marine habitats listed in Annex II to this Regulation. It should also be possible to use such an approach as a basis
for planning restoration measures in marine habitats in accordance with this Regulation. The overall assessment of
the condition of marine habitats listed in Annex II to this Regulation should be based on the best available
knowledge and latest technical and scientific progress.
```
```
(75) In order to ensure the monitoring of the progress in implementing the national restoration plans, the restoration
measures put in place, the areas subject to restoration measures and the data on the inventory of barriers to river
continuity, a system should be introduced requiring Member States to set up, keep up-to-date and make accessible
relevant data on results from such monitoring. The electronic reporting of data to the Commission should make use
```
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(^24 ) Regulation (EU) 2021/696 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing the Union Space
Programme and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme and repealing Regulations (EU) No 912/2010, (EU)
No 1285/2013 and (EU) No 377/2014 and Decision No 541/2014/EU (OJ L 170, 12.5.2021, p. 69).
```

```
of EEA’s Reportnet system and should aim to limit the administrative burden on all entities as far as possible. To
ensure an appropriate infrastructure for public access, reporting and data-sharing between public authorities,
Member States should, where relevant, base the data specifications on those referred to in Directives 2003/4/EC (^25 ),
2007/2/EC (^26 ) and (EU) 2019/1024 (^27 ) of the European Parliament and of the Council.
```
```
(76) In order to ensure an effective implementation of this Regulation, the Commission should support Member States
upon request through the Technical Support Instrument, established under Regulation (EU) 2021/240 of the
European Parliament and of the Council (^28 ), which provides for tailor-made technical support to design and
implement reforms. The technical support provided under that instrument involves, for example, strengthening the
administrative capacity, harmonising the legislative frameworks and sharing relevant best practices.
```
```
(77) The Commission should report on the progress made by Member States towards meeting the restoration targets and
fulfilling the obligations of this Regulation on the basis of Union-wide progress reports drawn up by the EEA as well
as other analysis and reports made available by Member States in relevant policy areas such as nature, marine and
water policy.
```
```
(78) To ensure meeting the targets and fulfilling the obligations set out in this Regulation, it is of utmost importance that
adequate private and public investments are made in restoration. Member States should therefore integrate in their
national budgets expenditure for biodiversity objectives, including in relation to opportunity and transition costs
resulting from the implementation of the national restoration plans, and reflect how Union funding is used.
Regarding Union funding, expenditure under the Union budget and Union financing programmes, such as the LIFE
Programme, the European Maritime Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund (EMFAF), established by Regulation (EU)
2021/1139 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^29 ), the European Agricultural Fund for Rural
Development (EAFRD) and the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF), both established by Regulation (EU)
2020/2220 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^30 ), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
and the Cohesion Fund, both established by Regulation (EU) 2021/1058 of the European Parliament and of the
Council (^31 ) and the Just Transition Fund, established by Regulation (EU) 2021/1056 of the European Parliament and
of the Council (^32 ), as well as Horizon Europe – the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, established
by Regulation (EU) 2021/695 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^33 ), contributes to biodiversity
objectives with the ambition to dedicate 7,5 % in 2024, and 10 % in 2026 and in 2027 of annual spending under the
multiannual financial framework for the years 2021 to 2027 laid down in Council Regulation (EU, Euratom)
2020/2093 (^34 ) (the ‘MFF 2021-2027’) to biodiversity objectives. The Recovery and Resilience Facility, established by
Regulation (EU) 2021/241 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^35 ), is a further source of funding for the
protection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems. With reference to the LIFE Programme, special attention
should be given to the appropriate use of the strategic nature projects as a specific tool that could support the
implementation of this Regulation, by way of mainstreaming available financial resources in an effective and efficient
way.
```
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(^25 ) Directive 2003/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2003 on public access to environmental
information and repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC (OJ L 41, 14.2.2003, p. 26).
(^26 ) Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial
Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) (OJ L 108, 25.4.2007, p. 1).
(^27 ) Directive (EU) 2019/1024 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on open data and the re-use of public
sector information (OJ L 172, 26.6.2019, p. 56).
(^28 ) Regulation (EU) 2021/240 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 February 2021 establishing a Technical Support
Instrument (OJ L 57, 18.2.2021, p. 1).
(^29 ) Regulation (EU) 2021/1139 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2021 establishing the European Maritime,
Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund and amending Regulation (EU) 2017/1004 (OJ L 247, 13.7.2021, p. 1).
(^30 ) Regulation (EU) 2020/2220 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 December 2020 laying down certain transitional
provisions for support from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and from the European Agricultural
Guarantee Fund (EAGF) in the years 2021 and 2022 and amending Regulations (EU) No 1305/2013, (EU) No 1306/2013 and (EU)
No 1307/2013 as regards resources and application in the years 2021 and 2022 and Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 as regards
resources and the distribution of such support in respect of the years 2021 and 2022 (OJ L 437, 28.12.2020, p. 1).
(^31 ) Regulation (EU) 2021/1058 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2021 on the European Regional
Development Fund and on the Cohesion Fund (OJ L 231, 30.6.2021, p. 60).
(^32 ) Regulation (EU) 2021/1056 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2021 establishing the Just Transition Fund
(OJ L 231, 30.6.2021, p. 1).
(^33 ) Regulation (EU) 2021/695 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing Horizon Europe – the
Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, laying down its rules for participation and dissemination, and repealing
Regulations (EU) No 1290/2013 and (EU) No 1291/2013 (OJ L 170, 12.5.2021, p. 1).
(^34 ) Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2020/2093 of 17 December 2020 laying down the multiannual financial framework for the years
2021 to 2027 (OJ L 433 I, 22.12.2020, p. 11).
(^35 ) Regulation (EU) 2021/241 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 February 2021 establishing the Recovery and
Resilience Facility (OJ L 57, 18.2.2021, p. 17).
```

```
(79) The preparation of the national restoration plans should not imply an obligation for Member States to
re-programme any funding under the CAP, the CFP or other agricultural and fisheries funding programmes or
instruments under the MFF 2021-2027 in order to implement this Regulation.
```
```
(80) A range of Union, national and private initiatives are available to stimulate private financing, such as the InvestEU
Programme, established by Regulation (EU) 2021/523 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^36 ), which
offers opportunities to mobilise public and private finance to support, inter alia, the enhancement of nature and
biodiversity by means of green and blue infrastructure projects, and carbon farming as a green business-model.
Funding nature restoration measures on the ground, through private or public financing, including result-based
support and innovative schemes such as carbon removal certification schemes, could be promoted. Private
investment could also be incentivised through public investment schemes, including financial instruments, subsidies
and other instruments, provided State aid rules are complied with.
```
```
(81) To ensure the implementation of this Regulation, adequate private and public investments for nature restoration
measures are essential. Therefore, the Commission should, within 12 months from the date of entry into force of this
Regulation and in consultation with Member States, present a report with an analysis identifying any gaps in
implementing this Regulation. That report should be accompanied, where appropriate, by proposals for adequate
measures, including financial measures to address the gaps identified, such as the establishment of dedicated funding
and without prejudging the prerogatives of the co-legislators for the adoption of the multiannual financial
framework post 2027.
```
```
(82) According to settled case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, under the principle of sincere
cooperation laid down in Article 4(3) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), it is for the courts of the Member
States to ensure judicial protection of a person’s rights under Union law. Furthermore, Article 19(1) TEU requires
Member States to provide remedies sufficient to ensure effective judicial protection in the fields covered by Union
law. The Union and the Member States are parties to the UN Economic Commission for Europe Convention on
access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters (^37 ) (the
‘Aarhus Convention’). Under the Aarhus Convention, Member States are to ensure that, in accordance with the
relevant national legal system, members of the public concerned have access to justice.
```
```
(83) Member States should promote a fair and cross-society approach in the preparation and implementation of their
national restoration plans. They should put in place the necessary measures to engage local and regional authorities,
landowners and land users and their associations, civil society organisations, business community, research and
education communities, farmers, fishers, foresters, investors and other relevant stakeholders and the general public,
in all phases of the preparation, review and implementation of the national restoration plans, and to foster dialogue
and the diffusion of science-based information about biodiversity and the benefits of restoration.
```
```
(84) Pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2021/2115, CAP strategic plans are meant to contribute to the achievement of, and be
consistent with, the long-term national targets set out in or deriving from, the legislative acts listed in Annex XIII to
that Regulation. This Regulation should be taken into account when, in accordance with Article 159 of Regulation
(EU) 2021/2115, the Commission reviews, by 31 December 2025, the list set out in Annex XIII to that Regulation.
```
```
(85) In line with the commitment in the 8th Environment Action Programme, set out in Decision (EU) 2022/591 of the
European Parliament and of the Council (^38 ), Member States are to phase out environmentally harmful subsidies at
national level, making the best use of market-based instruments and green budgeting and financing tools, including
those required to ensure a socially fair transition, and supporting businesses and other stakeholders in developing
standardised natural capital accounting practices.
```
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(^36 ) Regulation (EU) 2021/523 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 March 2021 establishing the InvestEU Programme
and amending Regulation (EU) 2015/1017 (OJ L 107, 26.3.2021, p. 30).
(^37 ) OJ L 124, 17.5.2005, p. 4.
(^38 ) Decision (EU) 2022/591 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 April 2022 on a General Union Environment Action
Programme to 2030 (OJ L 114, 12.4.2022, p. 22).
```

```
(86) In order to ensure the necessary adaptation of this Regulation, the power to adopt acts in accordance with
Article 290 TFEU should be delegated to the Commission in respect of supplementing this Regulation by
establishing and updating a science-based method for monitoring pollinator diversity and populations and in respect
of amending Annexes I to VII to this Regulation by adapting to technical and scientific progress the groups and lists
of habitat types, the list of marine species, the list of species used for the common farmland bird index, the
description, unit and methodology of biodiversity indicators for agricultural ecosystems and forest ecosystems and
the list of examples of restoration measures, to take into account experience gained from the application of this
Regulation or to ensure consistency with the EUNIS habitat types. It is of particular importance that the Commission
carry out impact assessments and appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including at expert level, in
accordance with the principles laid down in the Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better
Law-Making (^39 ). In particular, to ensure equal participation in the preparation of delegated acts, the European
Parliament and the Council receive all documents at the same time as Member States’ experts, and their experts
systematically have access to meetings of Commission expert groups dealing with the preparation of delegated acts.
```
```
(87) In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of this Regulation, implementing powers should be
conferred on the Commission in respect of specifying the methods for monitoring the indicators for agricultural
ecosystems listed in Annex IV to this Regulation and the indicators for forest ecosystems listed in Annex VI to this
Regulation, establishing guiding frameworks for setting the satisfactory levels for urban green space, for urban tree
canopy cover in urban ecosystems, for pollinators, for biodiversity indicators for agricultural ecosystems listed in
Annex IV to this Regulation and for indicators for forest ecosystems listed in Annex VI to this Regulation,
establishing a uniform format for the national restoration plans, and establishing the format, structure and detailed
arrangements for reporting data and information to the Commission electronically. Those powers should be
exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^40 ).
```
```
(88) In order to allow for a rapid and effective response when an unforeseeable, exceptional and unprovoked event occurs
that is outside the control of the Union, with severe Union-wide consequences on the availability of land required to
secure sufficient agricultural production for Union food consumption, implementing powers should be conferred on
the Commission in respect of the temporary suspension of the application of the relevant provisions of this
Regulation to the extent and for such period as is strictly necessary, up to a maximum of 12 months, while
preserving the objectives of this Regulation. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU)
No 182/2011.
```
```
(89) The Commission should carry out an evaluation of this Regulation. Pursuant to the Interinstitutional Agreement of
13 April 2016 on Better Law-Making, that evaluation should be based on the criteria of efficiency, effectiveness,
relevance, coherence and value added and should provide the basis for impact assessments of options for further
action. In addition, the Commission should assess the need to establish additional restoration targets, based on
common methods for assessing the condition of ecosystems not covered by Articles 4 and 5 of this Regulation,
taking into account the most recent scientific evidence.
```
```
(90) Regulation (EU) 2022/869 of the European Parliament and of the Council (^41 ) should be amended accordingly.
```
```
(91) Since the objectives of this Regulation, namely to ensure the long-term and sustained recovery of biodiverse and
resilient ecosystems, across the European territory of the Member States, through restoration measures to be put in
place by the Member States to collectively meet a Union target for the restoration of land areas and sea areas by
2030 and all areas in need of restoration by 2050, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States but can
rather, by reason of the scale and effects of the action, be better achieved at Union level, the Union may adopt
measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 TEU. In accordance with the
principle of proportionality, as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order
to achieve those objectives,
```
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(^39 ) OJ L 123, 12.5.2016, p. 1.
(^40 ) Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and
general principles concerning mechanisms for control by the Member States of the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers
(OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13).
(^41 ) Regulation (EU) 2022/869 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2022 on guidelines for trans-European energy
infrastructure, amending Regulations (EC) No 715/2009, (EU) 2019/942 and (EU) 2019/943 and Directives 2009/73/EC and
(EU) 2019/944, and repealing Regulation (EU) No 347/2013 (OJ L 152, 3.6.2022, p. 45).
```

```
HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
```
```
CHAPTER I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
```
```
Article 1
Subject matter
```
1. This Regulation lays down rules to contribute to:

```
(a)the long-term and sustained recovery of biodiverse and resilient ecosystems across the Member States’ land and sea
areas through the restoration of degraded ecosystems;
```
```
(b)achieving the Union’s overarching objectives concerning climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation and land
degradation neutrality;
```
```
(c)enhancing food security;
```
```
(d)meeting the Union’s international commitments.
```
2. This Regulation establishes a framework within which Member States shall put in place effective and area-based
restoration measures with the aim to jointly cover, as a Union target, throughout the areas and ecosystems within the scope
of this Regulation, at least 20 % of land areas and at least 20 % of sea areas by 2030, and all ecosystems in need of
restoration by 2050.

```
Article 2
```
```
Geographical scope
```
```
This Regulation applies to ecosystems as referred to in Articles 4 to 12:
```
```
(a)in the territory of the Member States;
```
```
(b)in the coastal waters, as defined in Article 2, point (7), of Directive 2000/60/EC, of the Member States, their seabed or
their subsoil;
```
```
(c)in waters, the seabed or subsoil on the seaward side of the baseline from which the extent of the territorial waters of
a Member State is measured, extending to the outmost reach of the area where a Member State has or exercises
sovereign rights or jurisdiction, in accordance with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (^42 ).
```
```
This Regulation applies only to ecosystems in the European territory of the Member States to which the Treaties apply.
```
```
Article 3
```
```
Definitions
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```
For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions apply:
```
```
(1) ‘ecosystem’ means a dynamic complex of plant, animal, fungi and microorganism communities and their non-living
environment, interacting as a functional unit, and includes habitat types, habitats of species and species populations;
```
```
(2) ‘habitat of a species’ means habitat of a species as defined in Article 1, point (f), of Directive 92/43/EEC;
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(^42 ) OJ L 179, 23.6.1998, p. 3.
```

```
(3) ‘restoration’ means the process of actively or passively assisting the recovery of an ecosystem in order to improve its
structure and functions, with the aim of conserving or enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem resilience, through
improving an area of a habitat type to good condition, re-establishing favourable reference area, and improving
a habitat of a species to sufficient quality and quantity in accordance with Article 4(1), (2) and (3) and Article 5(1), (2)
and (3), and meeting the targets and fulfilling the obligations under Articles 8 to 12, including reaching satisfactory
levels for the indicators referred to in Articles 8 to 12;
```
```
(4) ‘good condition’ means, as regards an area of a habitat type, a state where the key characteristics of the habitat type, in
particular its structure, functions and typical species or typical species composition reflect the high level of ecological
integrity, stability and resilience necessary to ensure its long-term maintenance and thus contribute to reaching or
maintaining favourable conservation status for a habitat, where the habitat type concerned is listed in Annex I to
Directive 92/43/EEC, and, in marine ecosystems, contribute to achieving or maintaining good environmental status;
```
```
(5) ‘good environmental status’ means good environmental status as defined in Article 3, point (5), of Directive
2008/56/EC;
```
```
(6) ‘favourable conservation status for a habitat’ means favourable conservation status within the meaning of Article 1,
point (e), of Directive 92/43/EEC;
```
```
(7) ‘favourable conservation status for a species’ means favourable conservation status within the meaning of Article 1,
point (i), of Directive 92/43/EEC;
```
```
(8) ‘favourable reference area’ means the total area of a habitat type in a given biogeographical or marine region at
national level that is considered the minimum necessary to ensure the long-term viability of the habitat type and its
typical species or typical species composition, and all the significant ecological variations of that habitat type in its
natural range, and which is composed of the current area of the habitat type and, if that area is not sufficient for the
long-term viability of the habitat type and its typical species or typical species composition, the additional area
necessary for the re-establishment of the habitat type; where the habitat type concerned is listed in Annex I to
Directive 92/43/EEC, such re-establishment contributes to reaching favourable conservation status for a habitat and, in
marine ecosystems, such re-establishment contributes to achieving or maintaining good environmental status;
```
```
(9) ‘sufficient quality of habitat’ means the quality of a habitat of a species which allows the ecological requirements of
a species to be met at any stage of its biological cycle so that it is maintaining itself on a long-term basis as a viable
component of its habitat in its natural range, contributing to reaching or maintaining favourable conservation status
for a species listed in Annex II, IV or V to Directive 92/43/EEC and securing populations of wild bird species covered
by Directive 2009/147/EC and, in addition, in marine ecosystems, contributing to achieving or maintaining good
environmental status;
```
```
(10)‘sufficient quantity of habitat’ means the quantity of a habitat of a species which allows the ecological requirements of
a species to be met at any stage of its biological cycle so that it is maintaining itself on a long-term basis as a viable
component of its habitat in its natural range, contributing to reaching or maintaining favourable conservation status
for a species listed in Annex II, IV or V to Directive 92/43/EEC and securing populations of wild bird species covered
by Directive 2009/147/EC and, in addition, in marine ecosystems, contributing to achieving or maintaining good
environmental status;
```
```
(11)‘very common and widespread habitat type’ means a habitat type that occurs in several biogeographical regions in the
Union with a range exceeding 10 000 km^2 ;
```
```
(12)‘pollinator’ means a wild insect which transports pollen from the anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, enabling
fertilisation and the production of seeds;
```
```
(13)‘decline of pollinator populations’ means a decrease in abundance or diversity, or both, of pollinators;
```
```
(14)‘native tree species’ means a tree species occurring within its natural range, past or present, and dispersal potential, i.e.
within the range it occupies naturally or could occupy without direct or indirect introduction or care by humans;
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(15)‘local administrative unit’ or ‘LAU’ means a low-level administrative division of a Member State, below that of
a province, region or state, established in accordance with Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of the European
Parliament and of the Council (^43 );
```
```
(16)‘urban centres’ and ‘urban clusters’ means territorial units classified in cities and towns and suburbs using the
grid-based typology established in accordance with Article 4b(2) of Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003;
```
```
(17)‘cities’ means LAUs where at least 50 % of the population lives in one or more urban centres, measured using the
degree of urbanisation established in accordance with Article 4b(3), point (a), of Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003;
```
```
(18)‘towns and suburbs’ means LAUs where less than 50 % of the population lives in an urban centre, but at least 50 % of
the population lives in an urban cluster, measured using the degree of urbanisation established in accordance with
Article 4b(3), point (a), of Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003;
```
```
(19)‘peri-urban areas’ means areas adjacent to urban centres or urban clusters, including at least all areas within 1
kilometre measured from the outer limits of those urban centres or urban clusters, and located in the same city or the
same town and suburb as those urban centres or urban clusters;
```
```
(20)‘urban green space’ means the total area of trees, bushes, shrubs, permanent herbaceous vegetation, lichens and
mosses, ponds and watercourses found within cities or towns and suburbs, calculated on the basis of data provided by
the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service under the Copernicus component of the Union Space Programme,
established by Regulation (EU) 2021/696, and, if available for the Member State concerned, other appropriate
supplementary data provided by that Member State;
```
```
(21)‘urban tree canopy cover’ means the total area of tree cover within cities and towns and suburbs, calculated on the
basis of the Tree Cover Density data provided by the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service under the Copernicus
component of the Union Space Programme, established by Regulation (EU) 2021/696, and, if available for the
Member State concerned, other appropriate supplementary data provided by that Member State;
```
```
(22)‘free-flowing river’ means a river or a stretch of river the longitudinal, lateral and vertical connectivity of which is not
hindered by artificial structures forming a barrier and the natural functions of which are largely unaffected;
```
```
(23)‘rewetting peatland’ means the process of changing a drained peat soil towards a wet peat soil;
```
```
(24)‘renewables acceleration area’ means renewables acceleration area as defined in Article 2, point (9a), of Directive (EU)
2018/2001.
```
```
CHAPTER II
RESTORATION TARGETS AND OBLIGATIONS
```
```
Article 4
```
```
Restoration of terrestrial, coastal and freshwater ecosystems
```
1. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures that are necessary to improve to good condition areas of
habitat types listed in Annex I which are not in good condition. Such restoration measures shall be put in place:

```
(a)by 2030 on at least 30 % of the total area of all habitat types listed in Annex I that is not in good condition, as
quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15;
```
```
(b)by 2040 on at least 60 % and by 2050, on at least 90 % of the area of each group of habitat types listed in Annex I that
is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15.
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(^43 ) Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 on the establishment of a common
classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) (OJ L 154, 21.6.2003, p. 1).
```

```
For the purpose of this paragraph, Member States shall, as appropriate, until 2030 give priority to restoration measures in
areas that are located in Natura 2000 sites.
```
2. By way of derogation from paragraph 1, first subparagraph, points (a) and (b), Member States may, where duly
justified and for the purposes of that paragraph, exclude from the relevant group of habitat types very common and
widespread habitat types that cover more than 3 % of their European territory.

```
Where a Member State applies the derogation referred to in the first subparagraph, the Member State shall put in place
restoration measures:
```
```
(a)by 2050 on an area representing at least 80 % of the area that is not in good condition for each of those habitat types;
```
```
(b)by 2030 on at least one third of the percentage referred to in point (a); and
```
```
(c)by 2040 on at least two thirds of the percentage referred to in point (a).
```
```
The derogation referred to in the first subparagraph shall only be applied if it is ensured that the percentage referred to in
point (a) of the second subparagraph does not prevent the favourable conservation status for each of those habitat types,
from being reached or maintained at national biogeographical level.
```
3. If a Member State applies the derogation pursuant to paragraph 2, the obligation set out in paragraph 1, first
subparagraph, point (a), shall apply to the total area of all remaining habitat types listed in Annex I that is not in good
condition and the obligation set out in paragraph 1, first subparagraph, point (b), shall apply to the remaining areas of the
relevant groups of habitat types listed in Annex I that are not in good condition.
4. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures that are necessary to re-establish the habitat types listed in
Annex I in areas where those habitat types do not occur, with the aim of reaching the favourable reference area for those
habitat types. Such measures shall be in place on areas representing at least 30 % of the additional surface needed to reach
the total favourable reference area for each group of habitat types listed in Annex I, as quantified in the national restoration
plan referred to in Article 15, by 2030, on areas representing at least 60 % of that surface by 2040, and on 100 % of that
surface by 2050.
5. By way of derogation from paragraph 4 of this Article, if a Member State considers that it is not possible to put in
place restoration measures by 2050 that are necessary to reach the favourable reference area for a specific habitat type on
100 % of the surface, the Member State concerned may set a lower percentage at a level between 90 % and 100 % in its
national restoration plan as referred to in Article 15 and provide adequate justification. In such a case, the Member State
shall gradually put in place restoration measures that are necessary to achieve that lower percentage by 2050. By 2030,
those restoration measures shall cover at least 30 % of the additional surface needed to achieve such lower percentage by
2050, and by 2040, they shall cover at least 60 % of the additional surface needed to achieve such lower percentage by
2050.
6. If a Member State applies the derogation pursuant to paragraph 5 to specific habitat types, the obligation set out in
paragraph 4 shall apply to the remaining habitat types that are part of the groups of habitat types listed in Annex I to which
those specific habitat types belong.
7. Member States shall put in place restoration measures for the terrestrial, coastal and freshwater habitats of the species
listed in Annexes II, IV and V to Directive 92/43/EEC and of the terrestrial, coastal and freshwater habitats of wild birds
falling within the scope of Directive 2009/147/EC that are, in addition to the restoration measures referred to in
paragraphs 1 and 4 of this Article, necessary to improve the quality and quantity of those habitats, including by
re-establishing them, and to enhance connectivity, until sufficient quality and quantity of those habitats is achieved.
8. The determination of the most suitable areas for restoration measures in accordance with paragraphs 1, 4 and 7 of
this Article shall be based on the best available knowledge and the latest scientific evidence of the condition of the habitat
types listed in Annex I to this Regulation, measured by the structure and functions which are necessary for their long-term
maintenance, including their typical species, as referred to in Article 1, point (e), of Directive 92/43/EEC, and of the quality
and quantity of the habitats of the species referred to in paragraph 7 of this Article, making use of information reported
under Article 17 of Directive 92/43/EEC and Article 12 of Directive 2009/147/EC, and where appropriate taking into
account the diversity of situations in various regions as referred to in Article 14(16), point (c), of this Regulation.
9. Member States shall ensure, by 2030 at the latest, that the condition of habitat types is known for at least 90 % of the
area distributed over all habitat types listed in Annex I and that by 2040, the condition of all areas of habitat types listed in
Annex I is known.

# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

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10. The restoration measures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 4 shall consider the need for improved connectivity
between the habitat types listed in Annex I and take into account the ecological requirements of the species referred to in
paragraph 7 that occur in those habitat types.
11. Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to ensure that the areas that are subject to restoration
measures in accordance with paragraphs 1, 4 and 7 show a continuous improvement in the condition of the habitat types
listed in Annex I until good condition is reached, and a continuous improvement of the quality of the habitats of the species
referred to in paragraph 7, until the sufficient quality of those habitats is reached.

```
Without prejudice to Directive 92/43/EEC, Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to ensure that areas
in which good condition has been reached, and in which the sufficient quality of the habitats of the species has been
reached, do not significantly deteriorate.
```
12. Without prejudice to Directive 92/43/EEC, Member States shall, by the date of publication of their national
restoration plans in accordance with Article 17(6) of this Regulation, endeavour to put in place necessary measures with the
aim of preventing significant deterioration of areas where the habitat types listed in Annex I to this Regulation occur and
which are in good condition or are necessary to meet the restoration targets set out in paragraph 17 of this Article.
13. With regard to paragraphs 11 and 12 of this Article, outside Natura 2000 sites, Member States may, in the absence
of alternatives, apply the non-deterioration requirements set out in those paragraphs at the level of each biogeographical
region of their territory for each habitat type and each habitat of species, provided that the Member State concerned notifies
its intention to apply this paragraph to the Commission by 19 February 2025 and fulfils the obligations set out in Article
15(3), point (g), Article 20(1) point (j), Article 21(1) and Article 21(2), point (b).
14. Outside Natura 2000 sites, the obligation set out in paragraph 11 shall not apply to deterioration caused by:

```
(a)force majeure, including natural disasters;
```
```
(b)unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change;
```
```
(c)a plan or project of overriding public interest for which no less damaging alternative solutions are available, to be
determined on a case by case basis; or
```
```
(d)action or inaction by third countries for which the Member State concerned is not responsible.
```
15. Outside Natura 2000 sites, the obligation set out in paragraph 12 shall not apply to deterioration caused by:

```
(a)force majeure, including natural disasters;
```
```
(b)unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change;
```
```
(c)a plan or project of overriding public interest for which no less damaging alternative solutions are available; or
```
```
(d)action or inaction by third countries for which the Member State concerned is not responsible.
```
16. Within Natura 2000 sites, the non-fulfilment of the obligations set out in paragraphs 11 and 12 is justified if it is
caused by:

```
(a)force majeure, including natural disasters;
```
```
(b)unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change; or
```
```
(c)a plan or project authorised in accordance with Article 6(4) of Directive 92/43/EEC.
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

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17. Member States shall ensure that there is:

```
(a)an increase of the area in good condition for habitat types listed in Annex I until at least 90 % is in good condition and
until the favourable reference area for each habitat type in each biogeographic region of the Member State concerned is
reached;
```
```
(b)an increasing trend towards the sufficient quality and quantity of the terrestrial, coastal and freshwater habitats of the
species listed in Annexes II, IV and V to Directive 92/43/EEC and of the species falling within the scope of
Directive 2009/147/EC.
```
```
Article 5
```
```
Restoration of marine ecosystems
```
1. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures that are necessary to improve to good condition areas of
habitat types listed in Annex II which are not in good condition. Such restoration measures shall be put in place:

```
(a)by 2030, on at least 30 % of the total area of groups 1 to 6 of the habitat types listed in Annex II that is not in good
condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15;
```
```
(b)by 2040, on at least 60 % and, by 2050, on at least 90 % of the area of each of the groups 1 to 6 of the habitat types
listed in Annex II that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15;
```
```
(c)by 2040, on at least two thirds of the percentage referred to in point (d) of this paragraph of the area of group 7 of the
habitat types listed in Annex II that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in
Article 15; and
```
```
(d)by 2050, on a percentage, identified in accordance with Article 14(3), of the area of group 7 of the habitat types listed
in Annex II that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15.
```
```
The percentage referred to in the first subparagraph, point (d), of this Article shall be set so as not to prevent good
environmental status, as determined pursuant to Article 9(1) of Directive 2008/56/EC, from being achieved or maintained.
```
2. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures that are necessary to re-establish the habitat types in groups
1 to 6 listed in Annex II in areas where those habitat types do not occur, with the aim of reaching the favourable reference
area for those habitat types. Such measures shall be in place on areas representing at least 30 % of the additional surface
needed to reach the favourable reference area for each group of habitat types, as quantified in the national restoration plan
referred to in Article 15, by 2030, on areas representing at least 60 % of that surface by 2040, and on 100 % of that surface
by 2050.
3. By way of derogation from paragraph 2 of this Article, if a Member State considers that it is not possible to put in
place restoration measures by 2050 that are necessary to reach the favourable reference area for a specific habitat type on
100 % of the surface, the Member State concerned may set a lower percentage at a level between 90 % and 100 % in its
national restoration plan as referred to in Article 15 and provide adequate justification. In such a case, the Member State
shall gradually put in place restoration measures that are necessary to achieve that lower percentage by 2050. By 2030,
those restoration measures shall cover at least 30 % of the additional surface needed to achieve such lower percentage by
2050, and by 2040, they shall cover at least 60 % of the additional surface needed to achieve such lower percentage by
2050.
4. If a Member State applies the derogation pursuant to paragraph 3 to specific habitat types, the obligation set out in
paragraph 2 shall apply to the remaining additional surface needed to reach the favourable reference area of each group of
habitat types listed in Annex II to which those specific habitat types belong.
5. Member States shall put in place restoration measures for the marine habitats of species listed in Annex III to this
Regulation and in Annexes II, IV and V to Directive 92/43/EEC and for the marine habitats of wild birds falling within the
scope of Directive 2009/147/EC that are, in addition to the restoration measures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this
Article, necessary to improve the quality and quantity of those habitats, including by re-establishing them, and to enhance
connectivity, until sufficient quality and quantity of those habitats is achieved.

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6. The determination of the most suitable areas for restoration measures in accordance with paragraphs 1, 2 and 5 of
this Article shall be based on the best available knowledge and the latest technical and scientific progress in determining the
condition of the habitat types listed in Annex II to this Regulation and the quality and quantity of the habitats of the species
referred to in paragraph 5 of this Article, making use of information reported under Article 17 of Directive 92/43/EEC,
Article 12 of Directive 2009/147/EC and Article 17 of Directive 2008/56/EC.
7. Member States shall ensure that the condition is known of the following areas:

```
(a)by 2030, for at least 50 % of the area distributed over all habitat types in groups 1 to 6 listed in Annex II;
```
```
(b)by 2040, for all areas of the habitat types in groups 1 to 6 listed in Annex II;
```
```
(c)by 2040, for at least 50 % of the area distributed over all habitat types in group 7 listed in Annex II;
```
```
(d)by 2050, for all areas of the habitat types in group 7 listed in Annex II.
```
8. The restoration measures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall consider the need for improved ecological coherence
and connectivity between the habitat types listed in Annex II and take into account the ecological requirements of the
species referred to in paragraph 5 that occur in those habitat types.
9. Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to ensure that the areas that are subject to restoration
measures in accordance with paragraphs 1, 2 and 5 show a continuous improvement in the condition of the habitat types
listed in Annex II until good condition is reached, and a continuous improvement of the quality of the habitats of the
species referred to in paragraph 5, until the sufficient quality of those habitats is reached.

```
Without prejudice to Directive 92/43/EEC, Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to ensure that areas
in which good condition has been reached, and in which the sufficient quality of the habitats of the species has been
reached, do not significantly deteriorate.
```
10. Without prejudice to Directive 92/43/EEC, Member States shall, by the date of publication of their national
restoration plans in accordance with Article 17(6) of this Regulation, endeavour to put in place necessary measures with the
aim of preventing significant deterioration of areas where the habitat types listed in Annex II to this Regulation occur and
which are in good condition or are necessary to meet the restoration targets set out in paragraph 14 of this Article.
11. Outside Natura 2000 sites, the obligation set out in paragraph 9 shall not apply to deterioration caused by:

```
(a)force majeure, including natural disasters;
```
```
(b)unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change;
```
```
(c)a plan or project of overriding public interest for which no less damaging alternative solutions are available, to be
determined on a case by case basis; or
```
```
(d)action or inaction by third countries for which the Member State concerned is not responsible.
```
12. Outside Natura 2000 sites, the obligation set out in paragraph 10 shall not apply to deterioration caused by:

```
(a)force majeure, including natural disasters;
```
```
(b)unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change;
```
```
(c)a plan or project of overriding public interest, for which no less damaging alternative solutions are available; or
```
```
(d)action or inaction by third countries for which the Member State concerned is not responsible.
```
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13. Within Natura 2000 sites, the non-fulfilment of the obligations set out in paragraphs 9 and 10 is justified if it is
caused by:

```
(a)force majeure, including natural disasters;
```
```
(b)unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change; or
```
```
(c)a plan or project authorised in accordance with Article 6(4) of Directive 92/43/EEC.
```
14. Member States shall ensure that there is:

```
(a)an increase of the area in good condition for habitat types of groups 1 to 6 of the habitat types listed in Annex II until at
least 90 % is in good condition and until the favourable reference area for each habitat type in each biogeographic
region of the Member State concerned is reached;
```
```
(b)an increase of the area in good condition for habitat types of group 7 of the habitat types listed in Annex II until at least
the percentage, referred to in paragraph 1, first subparagraph, point (d), is in good condition and until the favourable
reference area for each habitat type in each biogeographical region of the Member State concerned is reached;
```
```
(c)an increasing trend towards the sufficient quality and quantity of the marine habitats of the species listed in Annex III to
this Regulation and in Annexes II, IV and V to Directive 92/43/EEC and of the species falling within the scope of
Directive 2009/147/EC.
```
```
Article 6
Energy from renewable sources
```
1. For the purposes of Article 4(14) and (15) and Article 5(11) and (12), the planning, construction and operation of
plants for the production of energy from renewable sources, their connection to the grid and the related grid itself, and
storage assets shall be presumed to be in the overriding public interest. Member States may exempt them from the
requirement that no less damaging alternative solutions are available under Article 4(14) and (15) and Article 5(11) and
(12), provided that:

```
(a)a strategic environmental assessment has been carried out in accordance with the conditions set out in Directive
2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (^44 ); or
```
```
(b)they have been subject to an environmental impact assessment in accordance with the conditions set out in Directive
2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (^45 ).
```
2. Member States may restrict in duly justified and specific circumstances the application of paragraph 1 to certain parts
of their territory as well as to certain types of technologies or to projects with certain technical characteristics in accordance
with the priorities set in their integrated national energy and climate plans pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999.

```
If Member States apply restrictions pursuant to the first subparagraph, they shall inform the Commission about those
restrictions and justify them.
```
```
Article 7
```
```
National defence
```
1. When putting in place restoration measures for the purposes of Article 4(1), (4) or (7) or Article 5(1), (2) or (5),
Member States may exempt areas used for activities the sole purpose of which is national defence if those measures are
deemed to be incompatible with the continued military use of the areas in question.

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```
(^44 ) Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain
plans and programmes on the environment (OJ L 197, 21.7.2001, p. 30).
(^45 ) Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of
certain public and private projects on the environment (OJ L 26, 28.1.2012, p. 1).
```

2. For the purposes of Article 4(14) and (15) and Article 5(11) and (12), Member States may provide that plans and
projects the sole purpose of which is national defence are presumed to be in the overriding public interest.

```
For the purposes of Article 4(14) and (15) and Article 5(11) and (12), Member States may exempt plans and projects the
sole purpose of which is national defence from the requirement that no less damaging alternative solutions are available.
However, where a Member State applies that exemption, the Member State shall put in place measures, as far as reasonable
and practicable, with the aim to mitigate the impact of those plans and projects on habitat types.
```
```
Article 8
```
```
Restoration of urban ecosystems
```
1. By 31 December 2030, Member States shall ensure that there is no net loss in the total national area of urban green
space and of urban tree canopy cover in urban ecosystem areas, determined in accordance with Article 14(4), compared to
2024. For the purposes of this paragraph, Member States may exclude from those total national areas the urban ecosystem
areas in which the share of urban green space in the urban centres and urban clusters exceeds 45 % and the share of urban
tree canopy cover exceeds 10 %.
2. From 1 January 2031, Member States shall achieve an increasing trend in the total national area of urban green space,
including through the integration of urban green space into buildings and infrastructure, in urban ecosystem areas,
determined in accordance with Article 14(4), measured every six years from 1 January 2031, until a satisfactory level as set
in accordance with Article 14(5) is reached.
3. Member States shall achieve, in each urban ecosystem area, determined in accordance with Article 14(4), an
increasing trend of urban tree canopy cover, measured every six years from 1 January 2031, until the satisfactory level
identified as set in accordance with Article 14(5) is reached.

```
Article 9
```
```
Restoration of the natural connectivity of rivers and natural functions of the related floodplains
```
1. Member States shall make an inventory of artificial barriers to the connectivity of surface waters and, taking into
account the socio-economic functions of the artificial barriers, identify the barriers that need to be removed to contribute to
meeting the restoration targets set out in Article 4 of this Regulation and fulfilling the objective of restoring
at least 25 000 km of rivers into free-flowing rivers in the Union by 2030, without prejudice to Directive 2000/60/EC, in
particular Article 4(3), (5) and (7) thereof, and Regulation (EU) No 1315/2013 of the European Parliament and of the
Council (^46 ), in particular Article 15 thereof.
2. Member States shall remove the artificial barriers to the connectivity of surface waters identified in the inventory
made pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article, in accordance with the plan for their removal referred to in Article 15(3),
points (i) and (n). When removing artificial barriers, Member States shall primarily address obsolete barriers, namely those
that are no longer needed for renewable energy generation, inland navigation, water supply, flood protection or other uses.
3. Member States shall complement the removal of artificial barriers in accordance with paragraph 2 by the measures
necessary to improve the natural functions of the related floodplains.
4. Member States shall ensure that the natural connectivity of rivers and natural functions of the related floodplains
restored in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3 are maintained.

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(^46 ) Regulation (EU) No 1315/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on Union guidelines for the
development of the trans-European transport network and repealing Decision No 661/2010/EU (OJ L 348, 20.12.2013, p. 1).
```

```
Article 10
```
```
Restoration of pollinator populations
```
1. Member States shall, by putting in place in a timely manner appropriate and effective measures, improve pollinator
diversity and reverse the decline of pollinator populations at the latest by 2030 and thereafter achieve an increasing trend of
pollinator populations, measured at least every six years from 2030, until satisfactory levels are achieved, as set in
accordance with Article 14(5).
2. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 23 to supplement this Regulation
by establishing and updating a science-based method for monitoring pollinator diversity and pollinator populations. The
Commission shall adopt the first of those delegated acts establishing such method by 19 August 2025.
3. The method referred to in paragraph 2 shall provide a standardised approach for collecting annual data on the
abundance and diversity of pollinator species across ecosystems, for assessing pollinator population trends and the
effectiveness of restoration measures adopted by Member States in accordance with paragraph 1.
4. When using the method referred to in paragraph 2, Member States shall ensure that monitoring data comes from an
adequate number of sites to ensure representativeness across their territories. Member States shall promote citizen science
in the collection of monitoring data where suitable and provide adequate resources for the performance of those tasks.
5. The Commission and the relevant Union agencies, in particular the EEA, the European Food Safety Authority and the
European Chemicals Agency, shall, in accordance with their respective mandates, coordinate their activities concerning
pollinators and provide information to support Member States, upon their request, in the fulfilment of their obligations
under this Article. To that end the Commission shall, inter alia, set up a dedicated task force and disseminate relevant
information and expertise to Member States in a coordinated manner.

```
Article 11
```
```
Restoration of agricultural ecosystems
```
1. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures necessary to enhance biodiversity in agricultural
ecosystems, in addition to the areas that are subject to restoration measures under Article 4(1), (4) and (7), taking into
account climate change, the social and economic needs of rural areas and the need to ensure sustainable agricultural
production in the Union.
2. Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to achieve an increasing trend at national level of at least
two out of the three following indicators for agricultural ecosystems, as further specified in Annex IV, measured in the
period from 18 August 2024 until 31 December 2030, and every six years thereafter, until the satisfactory levels as set in
accordance with Article 14(5) are reached:

```
(a)grassland butterfly index;
```
```
(b)stock of organic carbon in cropland mineral soils;
```
```
(c)share of agricultural land with high-diversity landscape features.
```
3. Member States shall put in place restoration measures which shall aim to ensure that the common farmland bird
index at national level based on the species specified in Annex V, indexed on 1 September 2025 = 100, reaches the
following levels:

```
(a)for Member States listed in Annex V with historically more depleted populations of farmland birds: 110 by 2030, 120
by 2040 and 130 by 2050;
```
```
(b)for Member States listed in Annex V with historically less depleted populations of farmland birds: 105 by 2030, 110 by
2040 and 115 by 2050.
```
4. Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to restore organic soils in agricultural use constituting
drained peatlands. Those measures shall be in place on at least:

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```
(a)30 % of such areas by 2030, of which at least a quarter shall be rewetted;
```
```
(b)40 % of such areas by 2040, of which at least a third shall be rewetted;
```
```
(c)50 % of such areas by 2050, of which at least a third shall be rewetted.
```
```
Member States may put in place restoration measures, including rewetting, in areas of peat extraction sites and count those
areas as contributing to meeting the respective targets referred to in the first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c).
```
```
In addition, Member States may put in place restoration measures to rewet organic soils that constitute drained peatlands
under land uses other than agricultural use and peat extraction and count those rewetted areas as contributing, up to
a maximum of 40 %, to meeting the targets referred to in the first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c).
```
```
Restoration measures that consist in rewetting peatland, including the water levels to be achieved, shall contribute to
reducing greenhouse gas net emissions and increasing biodiversity, while taking national and local circumstances into
account.
```
```
Where duly justified, the extent of the rewetting of peatland under agricultural use may be reduced to less than required
under the first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c), of this paragraph by a Member State if such rewetting is likely to have
significant negative impacts on infrastructure, buildings, climate adaptation or other public interests and if such rewetting
cannot take place on land other than agricultural land. Any such reduction shall be determined in accordance with Article
14(8).
```
```
The obligation for Member States to meet the rewetting targets set out in the first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c), does
not imply an obligation for farmers and private landowners to rewet their land, for whom rewetting on agricultural land
remains voluntary, without prejudice to obligations stemming from national law.
```
```
Member States shall, as appropriate, incentivise rewetting to make it an attractive option for farmers and private
landowners and foster access to training and advice to farmers and other stakeholders on the benefits of rewetting peatland
and on the options of subsequent land management and related opportunities.
```
```
Article 12
```
```
Restoration of forest ecosystems
```
1. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures necessary to enhance biodiversity of forest ecosystems, in
addition to the areas that are subject to restoration measures pursuant to Article 4(1), (4) and (7), while taking into account
the risks of forest fires.
2. Member States shall achieve an increasing trend at national level of the common forest bird index, as further specified
in Annex VI, measured in the period from 18 August 2024 until 31 December 2030, and every six years thereafter, until
the satisfactory levels as set in accordance with Article 14(5) are reached.
3. Member States shall achieve an increasing trend at national level of at least six out of seven of the following indicators
for forest ecosystems, as further specified in Annex VI, chosen on the basis of their ability to demonstrate the enhancement
of biodiversity of forest ecosystems within the Member State concerned. The trend shall be measured in the period from
18 August 2024 until 31 December 2030, and every six years thereafter, until the satisfactory levels as set in accordance
with Article 14(5) are reached:

```
(a)standing deadwood;
```
```
(b)lying deadwood;
```
```
(c)share of forests with uneven-aged structure;
```
```
(d)forest connectivity;
```
```
(e)stock of organic carbon;
```
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```
(f) share of forests dominated by native tree species;
```
```
(g)tree species diversity.
```
4. The non-fulfilment of the obligations set out in paragraphs 2 and 3 is justified if caused by:

```
(a)large-scale force majeure, including natural disasters, in particular unplanned and uncontrolled wildfire; or
```
```
(b)unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change.
```
```
Article 13
```
```
Planting three billion additional trees
```
1. When identifying and implementing the restoration measures to fulfil the objectives and obligations set out in
Articles 4 and 8 to 12, Member States shall aim to contribute to the commitment of planting at least three billion additional
trees by 2030 at Union level.
2. Member States shall ensure that their contribution to fulfilling the commitment set out in paragraph 1 is achieved in
full respect of ecological principles, including by ensuring species diversity and age-structure diversity, prioritising native
tree species except for, in very specific cases and conditions, non-native species adapted to the local soil, climatic and
ecological context and habitat conditions that play a role in fostering increased resilience to climate change. The measures
to achieve that commitment shall aim to increase ecological connectivity and be based on sustainable afforestation,
reforestation and tree planting and the increase of urban green space.

```
CHAPTER III
NATIONAL RESTORATION PLANS
```
```
Article 14
```
```
Preparation of the national restoration plans
```
1. Member States shall each prepare a national restoration plan and carry out the preparatory monitoring and research
needed to identify the restoration measures that are necessary to meet the restoration targets and fulfil the obligations set
out in Articles 4 to 13 and to contribute to the Union’s overarching objectives and targets set out in Article 1, taking into
account the latest scientific evidence.
2. Member States shall quantify the area that needs to be restored to meet the restoration targets set out in Articles 4 and
5, taking into account the condition of the habitat types referred to in Article 4(1) and (4) and Article 5(1) and (2) and the
quality and quantity of the habitats of the species referred to in Article 4(7) and Article 5(5) that are present in the
ecosystems covered by Article 2. The quantification shall be based, inter alia, on the following information:

```
(a)for each habitat type:
```
```
(i)the total habitat area and a map of its current distribution;
```
```
(ii)the habitat area that is not in good condition;
```
```
(iii)the favourable reference area, taking into account records of historical distribution and the projected changes to
environmental conditions due to climate change;
```
```
(iv)the areas most suitable for the re-establishment of habitat types in view of ongoing and projected changes to
environmental conditions due to climate change;
```
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```
(b)the sufficient quality and quantity of the habitats of the species required for reaching their favourable conservation
status, taking into account the areas most suitable for re-establishment of those habitats, and the connectivity needed
between them in order for the species populations to thrive, as well as ongoing and projected changes to environmental
conditions due to climate change, the competing needs of the habitats and species, and the presence of high nature
value farmland.
```
```
For the purpose of quantifying the area of each habitat type that needs to be restored to meet the restoration targets set out
in Article 4(1), point (a), and Article 5(1), point (a), the habitat area that is not in good condition referred to in the first
subparagraph, point (a)(ii), of this paragraph shall only include those areas for which the condition of the habitat type is
known.
```
```
For the purpose of quantifying the area of each habitat type that needs to be restored to meet the restoration targets set out
in Article 4(1), point (b), and Article 5(1), points (b), (c) and (d), the habitat area that is not in good condition referred to in
the first subparagraph, point (a)(ii), of this paragraph shall only include those areas for which the condition of the habitat
type is known or is to be known pursuant to Article 4(9) and Article 5(7).
```
```
If a Member State intends to apply the derogation laid down in Article 4(2), that Member State shall identify the percentages
referred to in that Article.
```
```
If a Member State intends to apply the derogation laid down in Article 4(5) and Article 5(3), that Member State shall identify
the lower percentages chosen pursuant to those Articles.
```
3. With regard to group 7 of the habitat types listed in Annex II, Member States shall set the percentage referred to in
Article 5(1), point (d).
4. Member States shall determine and map urban ecosystem areas as referred to in Article 8 for all their cities and towns
and suburbs.

```
The urban ecosystem area of a city or of a town and suburb shall include:
```
```
(a)the entire city or town and suburb; or
```
```
(b)parts of the city or of the town and suburb, including at least its urban centres, urban clusters and, if deemed
appropriate by the Member State concerned, peri-urban areas.
```
```
Member States may aggregate the urban ecosystem areas of two or more adjacent cities, or two or more adjacent towns and
suburbs, or both, into one urban ecosystem area common to those cities, or towns and suburbs, respectively.
```
5. By 2030, Member States shall set, through an open and effective process and assessment based on the latest scientific
evidence, the guiding framework referred to in Article 20(10) and, if available, the guiding framework referred to in Article
20(11) satisfactory levels for:

```
(a)pollinator populations referred to in Article 10(1) and for the indicator referred to in Article 12(2);
```
```
(b)each of the chosen indicators referred to in Article 11(2);
```
```
(c)each of the chosen indicators referred to in Article 12(3);
```
```
(d)urban green space referred to in Article 8(2); and
```
```
(e)urban tree canopy cover referred to in Article 8(3).
```
6. Member States shall identify and map the agricultural and forest areas in need of restoration, in particular the areas
that, due to intensification or other management factors, are in need of enhanced connectivity and landscape diversity.
7. Each Member State may, by 19 August 2025, develop a methodology to complement the methodology referred to in
Annex IV, in order to monitor high-diversity landscape features not covered by the common method referred to in the
description of high-diversity landscape features in that Annex. The Commission shall provide guidance on the framework
for developing such methodologies by 19 September 2024.

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8. Member States shall, where applicable, determine the reduction of the extent of the rewetting of peatland under
agricultural use, as referred to in Article 11(4), fifth subparagraph.
9. Member States shall identify synergies with climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, land degradation
neutrality and disaster prevention and prioritise restoration measures accordingly. Member States shall also take into
account:

```
(a)their integrated national energy and climate plans referred to in Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999;
```
```
(b)their long-term strategy referred to in Article 15 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999;
```
```
(c)the binding overall Union target for 2030 set out in Article 3 of Directive (EU) 2018/2001.
```
10. Member States shall identify synergies with agriculture and forestry. They shall also identify existing agricultural and
forestry practices, including CAP interventions, that contribute to the objectives of this Regulation.
11. The implementation of this Regulation shall not imply an obligation for Member States to reprogramme any funding
under the CAP, the CFP or other agricultural and fisheries funding programmes and instruments under the MFF
2021-2027.
12. Member States may promote the deployment of private or public support schemes to the benefit of stakeholders
implementing restoration measures referred to in Articles 4 to 12 including land managers and owners, farmers, foresters
and fishers.
13. Member States shall coordinate the development of national restoration plans with the mapping of areas that are
required in order to fulfil at least their national contributions towards the 2030 renewable energy target and, where
relevant, with the designation of the renewables acceleration areas and dedicated infrastructure areas. During the
preparation of the national restoration plans, Member States shall ensure synergies with the build-up of renewable energy
and energy infrastructure and any renewables acceleration areas and dedicated infrastructure areas that are already
designated and shall ensure that the functioning of those areas, including the permit-granting procedures applicable in
those areas provided for by Directive (EU) 2018/2001, as well as the functioning of grid projects that are necessary to
integrate renewable energy into the electricity system and the respective permit-granting process, remain unchanged.
14. When preparing their national restoration plans, Member States shall take into account in particular the following:

```
(a) the conservation measures established for Natura 2000 sites in accordance with Directive 92/43/EEC;
```
```
(b)prioritised action frameworks prepared in accordance with Directive 92/43/EEC;
```
```
(c) measures for achieving good quantitative, ecological and chemical status of water bodies included in the programmes of
measures and river basin management plans prepared in accordance with Directive 2000/60/EC and flood risk
management plans established in accordance with Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council (^47 );
```
```
(d)where applicable, marine strategies for achieving good environmental status for all Union marine regions prepared in
accordance with Directive 2008/56/EC;
```
```
(e) national air pollution control programmes prepared under Directive (EU) 2016/2284;
```
```
(f) national biodiversity strategies and action plans developed in accordance with Article 6 of the Convention on Biological
Diversity;
```
```
(g) where applicable, conservation and management measures adopted under the CFP;
```
```
(h)CAP strategic plans drawn up in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2021/2115;
```
15. When preparing their national restoration plans Member States shall also take into account strategic critical raw
material projects where recognised under Union law.

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(^47 ) Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of
flood risks (OJ L 288, 6.11.2007, p. 27).
```

16. When preparing their national restoration plans, Member States:

```
(a)may make use of the different examples of restoration measures listed in Annex VII, depending on specific national and
local conditions, and the latest scientific evidence;
```
```
(b)shall aim to optimise the ecological, economic and social functions of ecosystems as well as their contribution to the
sustainable development of the relevant regions and communities;
```
```
(c)may take into account the diversity of situations in various regions related to social, economic and cultural
requirements, regional and local characteristics and population density; where appropriate, the specific situation of the
Union’s outermost regions, such as their remoteness, insularity, small size, difficult topography and climate, as well as
their rich biodiversity and the associated costs for protecting and restoring their ecosystems, should be taken into
account.
```
17. Member States shall, where possible, foster synergies with the national restoration plans of other Member States, in
particular for ecosystems that span across borders or where Members States share a marine region or subregion within the
meaning of Directive 2008/56/EC.
18. Member States may, where practical and appropriate, for the purpose of preparing and implementing national
restoration plans, in relation to the restoration and re-establishment of marine ecosystems, use existing regional
institutional cooperation structures.
19. Where Member States identify an issue which is likely to prevent the fulfilment of the obligations to restore and
re-establish marine ecosystems, and which requires measures for which they are not competent, they shall, individually or
jointly, address, where concerned, Member States, the Commission or international organisations, providing them with
a description of the identified issue and of possible measures, with a view to their consideration and potential adoption.
20. Member States shall ensure that the preparation of the restoration plan is open, transparent, inclusive and effective
and that the public, including all relevant stakeholders, is given early and effective opportunities to participate in its
preparation. Consultations shall comply with the requirements set out in Directive 2001/42/EC.

```
Article 15
Content of the national restoration plan
```
1. The national restoration plan shall cover the period up to 2050, with intermediate deadlines corresponding to the
targets and obligations set out in Articles 4 to 13.
2. By way of derogation from paragraph 1 of this Article, the national restoration plan to be submitted in accordance
with Article 16 and Article 17(6) may, with regard to the period from 1 July 2032, and until reviewed in accordance with
Article 19(1), be limited to a strategic overview of the following:

```
(a)the elements referred to in paragraph 3; and
```
```
(b)the contents referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5.
```
```
The revised national restoration plan resulting from the review to be carried out by 30 June 2032 in accordance with
Article 19(1) may, with regard to the period from 1 July 2042, and until revised by 30 June 2042 in accordance with
Article 19(1), be limited to a strategic overview of the elements and contents referred to in first subparagraph of this
paragraph.
```
3. Each Member State shall include the following elements in the national restoration plan, using the uniform format
established in accordance with paragraph 7 of this Article:

```
(a) the quantification of the areas to be restored to meet the restoration targets set out in Articles 4 to 12 based on the
preparatory work undertaken in accordance with Article 14 and indicative maps of potential areas to be restored;
```
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(b) if a Member State applies the derogation laid down in Article 4(5) or Article 5(3), a justification of the reasons why it is
not possible to put in place restoration measures by 2050 that are necessary to reach the favourable reference area of
a specific habitat type and a justification of the lower percentage set pursuant to those Articles, as identified by that
Member State;
```
```
(c) a description of the restoration measures planned, or put in place, to meet the restoration targets and fulfil the
obligations set out in Articles 4 to 13 of this Regulation and a specification regarding which of those restoration
measures are planned, or put in place, within the Natura 2000 network established in accordance with Directive
92/43/EEC;
```
```
(d) a dedicated section setting out the measures for achieving the obligations laid down in Article 4(9) and Article 5(7);
```
```
(e) if a Member State applies the derogation laid down in Article 4(2) of this Regulation, a justification of how the
percentages set in accordance with that Article do not prevent the favourable conservation status for the relevant
habitat types, as determined pursuant to Article 1, point (e), of Directive 92/43/EEC, from being reached or maintained
at national biogeographical level;
```
```
(f) an indication of the measures aiming to ensure that the areas covered by the habitat types listed in Annexes I and II do
not deteriorate in the areas in which good condition has been reached and that the habitats of the species referred to in
Article 4(7) and Article 5(5) do not significantly deteriorate in the areas in which the sufficient quality of the habitats of
the species has been reached, in accordance with Article 4(11) and Article 5(9);
```
```
(g) where applicable, a description of how Article 4(13) is applied in its territory, including:
```
```
(i)an explanation of the system of compensatory measures to be taken for each significant deterioration occurrence,
as well as of the necessary monitoring of and reporting on the significant deterioration of habitat types and habitats
of the species and the compensatory measures taken;
```
```
(ii)an explanation of how it will be ensured that the implementation of Article 4(13) does not affect meeting the
targets and fulfilling the objectives set out in Articles 1, 4 and 5;
```
```
(h) an indication of the measures with an aim to maintain habitat types listed in Annexes I and II in good condition in
areas where they occur and with an aim to prevent significant deterioration of other areas covered by habitat types
listed in Annexes I and II, in accordance with Article 4(12) and Article 5(10);
```
```
(i) the inventory of barriers and the barriers identified for removal in accordance with Article 9(1), the plan for their
removal in accordance with Article 9(2) and the length of free-flowing rivers to be achieved by the removal of those
barriers estimated from 2020 to 2030 and by 2050, and any other measures to re-establish the natural functions of
floodplains in accordance with Article 9(3);
```
```
(j) an account of the indicators for agricultural ecosystems chosen in accordance with Article 11(2), and their suitability to
demonstrate the enhancement of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems within the Member State concerned;
```
```
(k) a justification, where applicable, for rewetting peatland on a lower proportion than as set out in Article 11(4), first
subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c);
```
```
(l) an account of the indicators for forest ecosystems chosen in accordance with Article 12(3), and their suitability to
demonstrate the enhancement of biodiversity in forest ecosystems within the Member State concerned;
```
```
(m)a description of the contribution to the commitment referred to in Article 13;
```
```
(n) the timing for putting in place the restoration measures in accordance with Articles 4 to 12;
```
```
(o) a dedicated section setting out tailored restoration measures in their outermost regions, as applicable;
```
```
(p) the monitoring of the areas subject to restoration in accordance with Articles 4 and 5, the process for assessing the
effectiveness of the restoration measures put in place in accordance with Articles 4 to 12 and for revising those
measures where needed to ensure that the targets and obligations set out in Articles 4 to 13 are met and fulfilled,
respectively;
```
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(q) an indication of the provisions for ensuring the continuous, long-term and sustained effects of the restoration measures
referred to in Articles 4 to 12;
```
```
(r) the estimated co-benefits for climate change mitigation and land degradation neutrality associated with the restoration
measures over time;
```
```
(s) the foreseeable socio-economic impacts and estimated benefits of the implementation of the restoration measures
referred to in Articles 4 to 12;
```
```
(t) a dedicated section setting out how the national restoration plan considers:
```
```
(i)the relevance of climate change scenarios for the planning of the type and location of restoration measures;
```
```
(ii)the potential of restoration measures to minimise climate change impacts on nature, to prevent or mitigate the
effects of natural disasters and to support adaptation;
```
```
(iii)synergies with national adaptation strategies or plans and national disaster risk assessment reports;
```
```
(iv)an overview of the interplay between the measures included in the national restoration plan and the national
energy and climate plan;
```
```
(u) the estimated financing needs for the implementation of the restoration measures, which shall include a description of
the support to stakeholders affected by restoration measures or other new obligations arising from this Regulation, and
the means of intended financing, public or private, including financing or co-financing with Union funding
instruments;
```
```
(v) an indication of the subsidies which negatively affect meeting of the targets and the fulfilment of the obligations set out
in this Regulation;
```
```
(w)a summary of the process for preparing and establishing the national restoration plan, including information on public
participation and of how the needs of local communities and stakeholders have been considered;
```
```
(x) a dedicated section indicating how observations from the Commission on the draft national restoration plan referred to
in Article 17(4) have been taken into account in accordance with Article 17(5); if the Member State concerned does not
address an observation from the Commission or a substantial part thereof, that Member State shall provide its reasons.
```
4. The national restoration plan shall, where applicable, include the conservation and management measures that
a Member State intends to adopt under the CFP, including conservation measures in joint recommendations that a Member
State intends to initiate in accordance with the procedure set out in Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 and referred to in
Article 18 of this Regulation, and any relevant information on those measures.
5. The national restoration plan shall include an overview of the interplay between the measures included in the national
restoration plan and the national CAP strategic plan.
6. Where appropriate, the national restoration plan shall include an overview of considerations related to the diversity of
situations in various regions as referred to in Article 14(16), point (c).
7. The Commission shall, by means of implementing acts, establish a uniform format for the national restoration plan.
Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 24(2). The
Commission shall be assisted by the EEA when drawing up the uniform format. By 1 December 2024, the Commission
shall submit the draft implementing acts to the committee referred to in Article 24(1).

```
Article 16
```
```
Submission of the draft national restoration plan
```
```
Each Member State shall submit a draft of the national restoration plan referred to in Articles 14 and 15 to the Commission
by 1 September 2026.
```
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Article 17
```
```
Assessment of the national restoration plan
```
1. The Commission shall assess the draft national restoration plan within six months of the date of its receipt. When
carrying out that assessment, the Commission shall act in close cooperation with the Member State.
2. When assessing the draft national restoration plan, the Commission shall evaluate:

```
(a)its compliance with Article 15;
```
```
(b)its adequacy for meeting the targets and fulfilling the obligations set out in Articles 4 to 13;
```
```
(c)its contribution to the Union’s overarching objectives and targets referred to in Article 1, the specific objectives referred
to in Article 9(1) to restore at least 25 000 km of rivers into free-flowing rivers in the Union by 2030 and the
commitment under Article 13 of planting at least three billion additional trees in the Union by 2030.
```
3. For the purpose of the assessment of the draft national restoration plan, the Commission shall be assisted by experts
or the EEA.
4. The Commission may address its observations on the draft national restoration plan to the Member State within six
months of the date of receipt of the draft national restoration plan.
5. The Member State shall take account of any observations from the Commission in its final national restoration plan.
6. The Member State shall finalise, publish and submit to the Commission the national restoration plan within six
months from the date of receipt of observations from the Commission.

```
Article 18
```
```
Coordination of restoration measures in marine ecosystems
```
1. Member States whose national restoration plans include conservation measures to be adopted within the framework
of the CFP shall make full use of the tools provided therein.
2. Where the national restoration plans include measures that require submission of a joint recommendation through
the regionalisation procedure under Article 18 of the Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013, Member States preparing those
national restoration plans shall, considering the deadlines provided for in Article 5 of this Regulation, initiate in a timely
manner consultations with other Member States having a direct management interest affected by these measures and the
relevant Advisory Councils under Article 18(2) of Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 to enable timely agreement on and
submission of any joint recommendations. For that purpose, they shall also include in the national restoration plan the
estimated timing of the consultation and of the submission of the joint recommendations.
3. The Commission shall facilitate and monitor progress in the submission of joint recommendations under the CFP.
Member States shall submit the joint recommendations on the conservation measures necessary to contribute to meeting
the targets set in Article 5 at the latest 18 months before the respective deadline.
4. In the absence of joint recommendations referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article before the respective deadline
referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article, concerning conservation measures necessary for compliance with obligations
under Union environmental legislation referred to in Article 11 of Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013, the Commission may
make full use of the tools provided for in Article 11(4) of that Regulation as and where appropriate under the conditions set
out therein.

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Article 19
```
```
Review of the national restoration plan
```
1. Each Member State shall review and revise its national restoration plan, and include supplementary measures, by
30 June 2032 and subsequently by 30 June 2042. At least once every ten years thereafter, each Member State shall review
its national restoration plan and, if necessary, revise it and include supplementary measures.

```
The reviews shall be carried out in accordance with Articles 14 and 15, taking into account progress made in the
implementation of the plans, the best available scientific evidence as well as available knowledge of changes or expected
changes in environmental conditions due to climate change. In the reviews to be carried out by 30 June 2032 and
by 30 June 2042, Member States shall take into account the knowledge on the condition of habitat types listed in
Annexes I and II acquired in accordance with Article 4(9) and Article 5(7). Each Member State shall publish and submit to
the Commission its revised national restoration plan.
```
2. Where monitoring carried out in accordance with Article 20 indicates that the measures set out in the national
restoration plan will not be sufficient to meet the restoration targets and fulfil the obligations set out in Articles 4 to 13, the
Member State shall review the national restoration plan and, if necessary, revise it and include supplementary measures.
Member States shall publish and submit to the Commission their revised national restoration plans.
3. Based on the information referred to in Article 21(1) and (2) and the assessment referred to in Article 21(4) and (5), if
the Commission considers that the progress made by a Member State is insufficient to meet the targets and fulfil the
obligations set out in Articles 4 to 13, the Commission may, after consultation with the Member State concerned, request
the Member State to submit a revised draft national restoration plan with supplementary measures. The Member State shall
publish that revised national restoration plan with supplementary measures and submit it to the Commission within six
months from the date of receipt of the request from the Commission. Upon request of the Member State concerned and
where duly justified, the Commission may extend that deadline by an additional six months.

```
CHAPTER IV
MONITORING AND REPORTING
```
```
Article 20
```
```
Monitoring
```
1. Member States shall monitor the following:

```
(a) the condition and trend in the condition of the habitat types, and the quality and the trend in the quality of the habitats
of the species referred to in Articles 4 and 5 in the areas subject to restoration measures on the basis of the monitoring
referred to in Article 15(3), point (p);
```
```
(b)the area of urban green space and urban tree canopy cover within urban ecosystem areas, as referred to in Article 8 and
determined in accordance with Article 14(4);
```
```
(c) at least two of the biodiversity indicators for agricultural ecosystems chosen by the Member State in accordance with
Article 11(2);
```
```
(d)the populations of the common farmland bird species listed in Annex V;
```
```
(e) the biodiversity indicator for forest ecosystems referred to in Article 12(2);
```
```
(f) at least six of the biodiversity indicators for forest ecosystems chosen by the Member State in accordance with Article
12(3);
```
```
(g) the abundance and diversity of pollinator species, according to the method established in accordance with Article 10(2);
```
```
(h)the area and condition of the areas covered by the habitat types listed in Annexes I and II;
```
```
(i) the area and the quality of the habitat of the species referred to in Article 4(7), and Article 5(5);
```
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(j) the extent and location of the areas where habitat types and habitats of the species have significantly deteriorated and of
the areas subject to compensatory measures taken under Article 4(13), as well as the effectiveness of the compensatory
measures to ensure that any deterioration of habitat types and habitats of the species is not significant at the level of
each biogeographical region in their territory and to ensure that meeting the targets and fulfilling the objectives set out
in Articles 1, 4 and 5 is not jeopardised.
```
2. The monitoring in accordance with paragraph 1, point (a), shall start as soon as the restoration measures are put in
place.
3. The monitoring in accordance with paragraph 1, points (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f), shall start on 18 August 2024.
4. The monitoring in accordance with paragraph 1, point (g), of this Article shall start one year after the entry into force
of the delegated act referred to in Article 10(2).
5. The monitoring in accordance with paragraph 1, point (j), of this Article shall start as soon as the notification referred
to in Article 4(13) is submitted to the Commission.
6. The monitoring in accordance with paragraph 1, points (a) and (b), shall be carried out at least every six years. The
monitoring in accordance with paragraph 1, point (c), concerning, where applicable, the stock of organic carbon in
cropland mineral soils and the share of agricultural land with high-diversity landscape features, and paragraph 1, point (f),
concerning, where applicable, the standing deadwood, the lying deadwood, the share of forests with uneven-aged structure,
the forest connectivity, the stock of organic carbon, the share of forest dominated by native tree species and the tree species
diversity, shall be carried out at least every six years, or, where necessary to evaluate the achievement of increasing trends to
2030, within a shorter interval. The monitoring in accordance with paragraph 1, point (c), concerning, where applicable,
the grassland butterfly index, paragraph 1, point (d), concerning the common farmland bird index and paragraph 1,
point (e) concerning the common forest bird index, and paragraph 1, point (g) concerning pollinator species shall be carried
out every year. The monitoring in accordance with paragraph 1, points (h) and (i), shall be carried out at least every six years
and shall be coordinated with the reporting cycle under Article 17 of Directive 92/43/EEC and the initial assessment under
Article 17 of Directive 2008/56/EC. The monitoring in accordance with paragraph 1, point (j), shall be carried out every
three years.
7. Member States shall ensure that the indicators for agricultural ecosystems referred to in Article 11(2), point (b), and
the indicators for forest ecosystems referred to in Article 12(3), points (a), (b) and (e), of this Regulation, are monitored in
a manner consistent with the monitoring required under Regulations (EU) 2018/841 and (EU) 2018/1999.
8. Member States shall make public the data generated by the monitoring carried out under this Article, in accordance
with Directive 2007/2/EC and in accordance with the monitoring frequencies set out in paragraph 6 of this Article.
9. Member State monitoring systems shall operate on the basis of electronic databases and geographic information
systems, and shall maximise the access and use of data and services from remote sensing technologies, earth observation
(Copernicus services), in-situ sensors and devices, or citizen science data, leveraging the opportunities offered by artificial
intelligence, advanced data analysis and processing.
10. By 31 December 2028, the Commission shall establish a guiding framework for setting the satisfactory levels
referred to in Article 8(2) and (3), Article 10(1) and Article 11(2), by means of implementing acts.
11. The Commission may, by means of implementing acts:

```
(a)specify the methods for monitoring the indicators for agricultural ecosystems listed in Annex IV;
```
```
(b)specify the methods for monitoring the indicators for forest ecosystems listed in Annex VI;
```
```
(c)establish a guiding framework for setting the satisfactory levels referred to in Article 12(2) and (3).
```
12. Implementing acts referred to in paragraphs (10) and (11) of this Article shall be adopted in accordance with the
examination procedure referred to in Article 24(2).

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Article 21
```
```
Reporting
```
1. By 30 June 2028 and at least every three years thereafter, Member States shall report electronically the following data
to the Commission:

```
(a)the area subject to restoration measures referred to in Articles 4 to 12;
```
```
(b)the extent of the areas where habitat types and habitats of species have significantly deteriorated and of the areas subject
to compensatory measures taken under Article 4(13);
```
```
(c)the barriers referred to in Article 9 that have been removed; and
```
```
(d)their contribution to the commitment referred to in Article 13.
```
2. By 30 June 2031, for the period up to 2030, and at least every six years thereafter, Member States shall report
electronically the following data and information to the Commission, assisted by the EEA:

```
(a)the progress in implementing the national restoration plan, in putting in place the restoration measures and progress in
meeting the targets and fulfilling the obligations set out in Articles 4 to 13;
```
```
(b)information on:
```
```
(i)the location of the areas where habitat types or habitats of species have significantly deteriorated and of the areas
subject to compensatory measures taken under Article 4(13);
```
```
(ii)a description of the effectiveness of the compensatory measures taken under Article 4(13) in ensuring that any
deterioration of habitat types and habitats of species is not significant at the level of each biogeographical region in
their territory;
```
```
(iii)a description of the effectiveness of the compensatory measures taken under Article 4(13) in ensuring that meeting
the targets and fulfilling the objectives set out in Articles 1, 4 and 5 is not jeopardised.
```
```
(c)the results of the monitoring carried out in accordance with Article 20, including, in the case of the results of the
monitoring carried out in accordance with Article 20(1), points (h) and (i), geographically referenced maps;
```
```
(d)the location and extent of the areas subject to restoration measures referred to in Articles 4 and 5, and Article 11(4),
including a geographically referenced map of those areas;
```
```
(e)the updated inventory of barriers referred to in Article 9(1);
```
```
(f) information on the progress accomplished towards meeting financing needs, in accordance with Article 15(3), point (u),
including a review of actual investment against initial investment assumptions.
```
3. The Commission shall establish the format, structure and detailed arrangements for the presentation of the
information referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article by means of implementing acts. Those implementing acts shall
be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 24(2). When drawing up the format,
structure and detailed arrangements for the electronic reporting, the Commission shall be assisted by the EEA.
4. By 31 December 2028 and every three years thereafter, the EEA shall provide to the Commission a technical overview
of the progress towards the achievement of the targets and fulfilment of the obligations set out in this Regulation, on the
basis of the data made available by Member States in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article and Article 20(8).
5. By 30 June 2032 and every six years thereafter, the EEA shall provide to the Commission a Union-wide technical
report on the progress towards meeting the targets and fulfilment of the obligations set out in this Regulation on the basis
of the data made available by Member States in accordance with paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this Article. The EEA may also use
information reported under Article 17 of Directive 92/43/EEC, Article 15 of Directive 2000/60/EC, Article 12 of Directive
2009/147/EC and Article 17 of Directive 2008/56/EC.
6. From 19 August 2029, and every six years thereafter, the Commission shall report to the European Parliament and to
the Council on the implementation of this Regulation.

# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

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7. By 19 August 2025, the Commission shall, in consultation with Member States, submit a report to the European
Parliament and the Council containing:

```
(a)an overview of financial resources available at Union level for the purpose of implementing this Regulation;
```
```
(b)an assessment of the funding needs to implement Articles 4 to 13 and to achieve the objective set out in Article 1(2);
```
```
(c)an analysis to identify any funding gaps in the implementation of the obligations set out in this Regulation;
```
```
(d)where appropriate, proposals for adequate measures, including financial measures to address the gaps identified, such as
the establishment of dedicated funding, and without prejudging the prerogatives of co-legislators for the adoption of the
multiannual financial framework post 2027.
```
8. Member States shall ensure that the information referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article is adequate and
up-to-date and that it is available to the public in accordance with Directives 2003/4/EC, 2007/2/EC and (EU) 2019/1024.

```
CHAPTER V
DELEGATED AND IMPLEMENTING ACTS
```
```
Article 22
```
```
Amendment of Annexes
```
1. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 23 in order to amend Annex I by
adapting the way the habitat types are grouped to technical and scientific progress and to take into account the experience
gained from the application of this Regulation.
2. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 23 in order to amend Annex II by
adapting:

```
(a)the list of habitat types to ensure consistency with updates to the European nature information system (EUNIS) habitat
classification; and
```
```
(b)the way the habitat types are grouped to technical and scientific progress and to take into account the experience gained
from the application of this Regulation.
```
3. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 23 in order to amend Annex III by
adapting the list of marine species referred to in Article 5 to technical and scientific progress.
4. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 23 in order to amend Annex IV by
adapting the description, unit and methodology of biodiversity indicators for agricultural ecosystems to technical and
scientific progress.
5. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 23 in order to amend Annex V by
adapting the list of species used for the common farmland bird index in the Member States to technical and scientific
progress.
6. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 23 in order to amend Annex VI by
adapting the description, unit and methodology of biodiversity indicators for forest ecosystems to technical and scientific
progress.
7. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 23 in order to amend Annex VII by
adapting the list of examples of restoration measures to technical and scientific progress and to take into account the
experience gained from the application of this Regulation.

# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 39/93


```
Article 23
```
```
Exercise of the delegation
```
1. The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.
2. The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Article 10(2) and Article 22(1) to (7) shall be conferred on the
Commission for a period of five years from 18 August 2024. The Commission shall draw up a report in respect of the
delegation of power not later than nine months before the end of the five-year period. The delegation of power shall be
tacitly extended for periods of an identical duration unless the European Parliament or the Council opposes such extension
not later than three months before the end of each period.
3. The delegation of power referred to in Article 10(2) and Article 22(1) to (7) may be revoked at any time by the
European Parliament or by the Council. A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in
that decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the Official Journal of the European Union
or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
4. Before adopting a delegated act, the Commission shall consult experts designated by each Member State in accordance
with the principles laid down in the Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better Law-Making.
5. As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to
the Council.
6. Delegated acts adopted pursuant to Article 10(2) or Article 22(1) to (7) shall enter into force only if no objection has
been expressed either by the European Parliament or by the Council within a period of two months of notification of that
act to the European Parliament and to the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the
Council have both informed the Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by two months at the
initiative of the European Parliament or of the Council.

```
Article 24
```
```
Committee procedure
```
1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. That committee shall be a committee within the meaning of
Regulation (EU) No 182/2011.
2. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.

```
CHAPTER VI
FINAL PROVISIONS
```
```
Article 25
```
```
Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2022/869
```
```
In Article 7(8) of Regulation (EU) 2022/869, the first subparagraph is replaced by the following:
```
```
‘With regard to the environmental impacts addressed in Article 6(4) of Directive 92/43/EEC, Article 4(7) of Directive
2000/60/EC and Article 4(14) and (15) and Article 5(11) and (12) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1991 of the European
Parliament and of the Council (*), provided that all the conditions set out in those Directives and that Regulation are
fulfilled, projects on the Union list shall be considered as being of public interest from an energy policy perspective, and
may be considered as having an overriding public interest.
```
```
(*) Regulation (EU) 2024/1991 of 24 June 2024 of the European Parliament and of the Council on nature restoration
and amending Regulation (EU) 2022/869 (OJ L, 2024/1991, 29.7.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/
1991/oj).’.
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

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```
Article 26
```
```
Review
```
1. The Commission shall evaluate the application of this Regulation by 31 December 2033.

```
The evaluation shall include an assessment of the impact of this Regulation on the agricultural, forestry and fisheries
sectors, considering relevant links with food production and food security in the Union, and of the wider socio-economic
effects of this Regulation.
```
2. The Commission shall present a report on the main findings of the evaluation to the European Parliament, the
Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of Regions. Where the Commission finds it
appropriate, the report shall be accompanied by a legislative proposal for amendment of relevant provisions of this
Regulation, taking into account the need to establish additional restoration targets, including on updated targets for 2040
and 2050, based on common methods for assessing the condition of ecosystems not covered by Articles 4 and 5, the
evaluation referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, and the most recent scientific evidence.

```
Article 27
```
```
Temporary suspension
```
1. If an unforeseeable, exceptional and unprovoked event has occurred that is outside the control of the Union, with
severe Union-wide consequences for the availability of land required to secure sufficient agricultural production for Union
food consumption, the Commission shall adopt implementing acts which are both necessary and justifiable in an
emergency. Such implementing acts may temporarily suspend the application of the relevant provisions of Article 11 to the
extent and for such a period as is strictly necessary. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the
examination procedure referred to in Article 24(2).
2. Implementing acts adopted under paragraph 1 shall remain in force for a period not exceeding 12 months. If after
that period the specific problems referred to in paragraph 1 persist, the Commission may submit an appropriate legislative
proposal to renew that period.
3. The Commission shall inform the European Parliament and the Council of any act adopted under paragraph 1 within
two working days of its adoption.

```
Article 28
```
```
Entry into force
```
```
This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the
European Union.
```
```
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
```
```
Done at Brussels, 24 June 2024.
```
```
For the European Parliament
```
```
The President
```
```
R. METSOLA
```
```
For the Council
```
```
The President
```
```
A. MARON
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

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```
ANNEX I
```
### TERRESTRIAL, COASTAL AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS – HABITAT TYPES AND GROUPS

### OF HABITAT TYPES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 4(1) AND (4)

```
The list below includes all terrestrial, coastal and freshwater habitat types listed in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC referred
to in Article 4(1) and (4), as well as six groups of those habitat types, namely 1) wetlands (coastal and inland), 2) grasslands
and other pastoral habitats, 3) river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats, 4) forests, 5) steppe, heath and scrub habitats and 6)
rocky and dune habitats.
```
```
1.GROUP 1: Wetlands (coastal & inland)
```
```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
Coastal and salt habitats
```
```
1130 Estuaries
```
```
1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide
```
```
1150 Coastal lagoons
```
```
1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonizing mud and sand
```
```
1320 Spartina swards (Spar tinion maritimae)
```
```
1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae)
```
```
1340 Inland salt meadows
```
```
1410 Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi)
```
```
1420 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sar cocornetea fruticosi)
```
```
1530 Pannonic salt steppes and salt marshes
```
```
1650 Boreal Baltic narrow inlets
```
```
Wet heaths and peat grassland
```
```
4010 Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix
```
```
4020 Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix
```
```
6460 Peat grasslands of Troodos
```
```
Mires, bogs and fens
```
```
7110 Active raised bogs
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

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```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
7120 Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration
```
```
7130 Blanket bogs
```
```
7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs
```
```
7150 Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion
```
```
7160 Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens
```
```
7210 Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae
```
```
7220 Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cr atoneurion)
```
```
7230 Alkaline fens
```
```
7240 Alpine pioneer formations of the Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae
```
```
7310 Aapa mires
```
```
7320 Palsa mires
```
```
Wet forests
```
```
9080 Fennoscandian deciduous swamp woods
```
```
91D0 Bog woodland
```
```
2.GROUP 2: Grasslands and other pastoral habitats
```
```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
Costal and dune habitats
```
```
1630 Boreal Baltic coastal meadows
```
```
21A0 Machairs
```
```
Heath and scrub habitats
```
```
4030 European dry heaths
```
```
4040 Dry Atlantic coastal heaths with Erica vagans
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 43/93


```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse
```
```
5130 Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands
```
```
8240 Limestone pavements
```
```
Grasslands
```
```
6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi
```
```
6120 Xeric sand calcareous grasslands
```
```
6130 Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariae
```
```
6140 Siliceous Pyrenean Festuca eskia grasslands
```
```
6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands
```
```
6160 Oro-Iberian Festuca indigesta grasslands
```
```
6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands
```
```
6180 Macaronesian mesophile grasslands
```
```
6190 Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetalia pallentis)
```
```
6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates
(Festuco-Brometalia)
```
```
6220 Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea
```
```
6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain
areas in Continental Europe)
```
```
6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands
```
```
6250 Pannonic loess steppic grasslands
```
```
6260 Pannonic sand steppes
```
```
6270 Fennoscandian lowland species-rich dry to mesic grasslands
```
```
6280 Nordic alvar and precambrian calcareous flatrocks
```
```
62A0 Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands (Scorzoneratalia villosae)
```
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```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
62B0 Serpentinophilous grassland of Cyprus
```
```
62C0 Ponto-Sarmatic steppes
```
```
62D0 Oro-Moesian acidophilous grasslands
```
```
6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)
```
```
6420 Mediterranean tall humid grasslands of the Molinio-Holoschoenion
```
```
6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)
```
```
6520 Mountain hay meadows
```
```
Dehesas and wooded meadows
```
```
6310 Dehesas with evergreen Quercus spp.
```
```
6530 Fennoscandian wooded meadows
```
```
9070 Fennoscandian wooded pastures
```
```
3.GROUP 3: River, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats
```
```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
Rivers and lakes
```
```
3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae)
```
```
3120 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals generally on sandy soils of the West
Mediterranean, with Isoetes spp.
```
```
3130 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae
and/or of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea
```
```
3140 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp.
```
```
3150 Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition — type vegetation
```
```
3160 Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 45/93


```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
3170 Mediterranean temporary ponds
```
```
3180 Turloughs
```
```
3190 Lakes of gypsum karst
```
```
31A0 Transylvanian hot-spring lotus beds
```
```
3210 Fennoscandian natural rivers
```
```
3220 Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation along their banks
```
```
3230 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Myricaria germanica
```
```
3240 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Salix elaeagnos
```
```
3250 Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Glaucium flavum
```
```
3260 Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and
Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation
```
```
3270 Rivers with muddy banks with Chenopodion rubri p.p. and Bidention p.p. vegetation
```
```
3280 Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Paspalo-Agrostidion species and hanging
curtains of Salix and Populus alba
```
```
3290 Intermittently flowing Mediterranean rivers of the Paspalo-Agrostidion
```
```
32A0 Tufa cascades of karstic rivers of the Dinaric Alps
```
```
Alluvial meadows
```
```
6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels
```
```
6440 Alluvial meadows of river valleys of the Cnidion dubii
```
```
6450 Northern boreal alluvial meadows
```
```
6540 Sub-Mediterranean grasslands of the Molinio-Hordeion secalini
```
```
Alluvial/Riparian forests
```
```
9160 Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

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```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
91E0 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae,
Salicion albae)
```
```
91F0 Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis and Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior or
Fraxinus angustifolia, along the great rivers (Ulmenion minoris)
```
```
92A0 Salix alba and Populus alba galleries
```
```
92B0 Riparian formations on intermittent Mediterranean water courses with Rhododendron
ponticum, Salix and others
```
```
92C0 Platanus orientalis and Liquidambar orientalis woods (Platanion orientalis)
```
```
92D0 Southern riparian galleries and thickets (Ner io-Tamaricetea and Securinegion tinctoriae)
```
```
9370 Palm groves of Phoenix
```
```
4.GROUP 4: Forests
```
```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
Boreal forests
```
```
9010 Western Taïga
```
```
9020 Fennoscandian hemiboreal natural old broad-leaved deciduous forests (Querc us, Tilia, Acer,
Fraxinus or Ulmus) rich in epiphytes
```
```
9030 Natural forests of primary succession stages of landupheaval coast
```
```
9040 Nordic subalpine/subarctic forests with Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii
```
```
9050 Fennoscandian herb-rich forests with Picea abies
```
```
9060 Coniferous forests on, or connected to, glaciofluvial eskers
```
```
Temperate forests
```
```
9110 Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests
```
```
9120 Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex and sometimes also Taxus in the shrublayer
(Quer cion robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion)
```
```
9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 47/93


```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
9140 Medio-European subalpine beech woods with Acer and Rumex arifolius
```
```
9150 Medio-European limestone beech forests of the Cephalanthero-Fagion
```
```
9170 Galio-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam forests
```
```
9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines
```
```
9190 Old acidophilous oak woods with Quercus robur on sandy plains
```
```
91A0 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles
```
```
91B0 Thermophilous Fraxinus angustifolia woods
```
```
91G0 Pannonic woods with Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus
```
```
91H0 Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens
```
```
91I0 Euro-Siberian steppic woods with Quercus spp.
```
```
91J0 Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles
```
```
91K0 Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Ar emonio-Fagion)
```
```
91L0 Illyrian oak-hornbeam forests (Er ythronio-Carpinion)
```
```
91M0 Pannonian-Balkanic turkey oak – sessile oak forests
```
```
91P0 Holy Cross fir forest (A bietetum polonicum)
```
```
91Q0 Western Carpathian calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests
```
```
91R0 Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests (Genisto januensis-Pinetum)
```
```
91S0 Western Pontic beech forests
```
```
91T0 Central European lichen Scots pine forests
```
```
91U0 Sarmatic steppe pine forest
```
```
91V0 Dacian Beech forests (Symphyto-Fagion)
```
```
91W0 Moesian beech forests
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

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```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
91X0 Dobrogean beech forests
```
```
91Y0 Dacian oak & hornbeam forests
```
```
91Z0 Moesian silver lime woods
```
```
91AA Eastern white oak woods
```
```
91BA Moesian silver fir forests
```
```
91CA Rhodopide and Balkan Range Scots pine forests
```
```
Mediterranean and Macaronesian forests
```
```
9210 Apeninne beech forests with Taxus and Ilex
```
```
9220 Apennine beech forests with Abies alba and beech forests with Abies nebrodensis
```
```
9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica
```
```
9240 Quercus faginea and Quercus canariensis Iberian woods
```
```
9250 Quercus trojana woods
```
```
9260 Castanea sativa woods
```
```
9270 Hellenic beech forests with Abies borisii-regis
```
```
9280 Quercus frainetto woods
```
```
9290 Cupressus forests (A cero-Cupression)
```
```
9310 Aegean Quercus brachyphylla woods
```
```
9320 Olea and Ceratonia forests
```
```
9330 Quercus suber forests
```
```
9340 Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests
```
```
9350 Quercus macrolepis forests
```
```
9360 Macaronesian laurel forests (Laur us, Ocotea)
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

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```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
9380 Forests of Ilex aquifolium
```
```
9390 Scrub and low forest vegetation with Quercus alnifolia
```
```
93A0 Woodlands with Quercus infectoria (Anagyro foetidae-Quercetum infectoriae)
```
```
Mountainous coniferous forests
```
```
9410 Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea)
```
```
9420 Alpine Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra forests
```
```
9430 Subalpine and montane Pinus uncinata forests
```
```
9510 Southern Apennine Abies alba forests
```
```
9520 Abies pinsapo forests
```
```
9530 (Sub-) Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines
```
```
9540 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines
```
```
9550 Canarian endemic pine forests
```
```
9560 Endemic forests with Juniperus spp.
```
```
9570 Tetraclinis articulata forests
```
```
9580 Mediterranean Taxus baccata woods
```
```
9590 Cedrus brevifolia forests (Cedr osetum brevifoliae)
```
```
95A0 High oro-Mediterranean pine forests
```
```
5.GROUP 5: Steppe, heath and scrub habitats
```
```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
Salt and gypsum steppes
```
```
1430 Halo-nitrophilous scrubs (P egano-Salsoletea)
```
```
1510 Mediterranean salt steppes (Limonietalia)
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

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```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
1520 Iberian gypsum vegetation (Gypsophiletalia)
```
```
Temperate heath and scrub
```
```
4050 Endemic macaronesian heaths
```
```
4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths
```
```
4070 Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti)
```
```
4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub
```
```
40A0 Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub
```
```
40B0 Rhodope Potentilla fruticosa thickets
```
```
40C0 Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets
```
```
Sclerophyllous scrub (matorral)
```
```
5110 Stable xerothermophilous formations with Buxus sempervirens on rock slopes (Berber idion p.
p.)
```
```
5120 Mountain Cytisus purgans formations
```
```
5140 Cistus palhinhae formations on maritime wet heaths
```
```
5210 Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp.
```
```
5220 Arborescent matorral with Zyziphus
```
```
5230 Arborescent matorral with Laurus nobilis
```
```
5310 Laurus nobilis thickets
```
```
5320 Low formations of Euphorbia close to cliffs
```
```
5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub
```
```
5410 West Mediterranean clifftop phryganas (Astr agalo-Plantaginetum subulatae)
```
```
5420 Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas
```
```
5430 Endemic phryganas of the Euphorbio-Verbascion
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

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```
6.GROUP 6: Rocky and dune habitats
```
```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
Sea cliffs, beaches, and islets
```
```
1210 Annual vegetation of drift lines
```
```
1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks
```
```
1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts
```
```
1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.
```
```
1250 Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts
```
```
1610 Baltic esker islands with sandy, rocky and shingle beach vegetation and sublittoral vegetation
```
```
1620 Boreal Baltic islets and small islands
```
```
1640 Boreal Baltic sandy beaches with perennial vegetation
```
```
Coastal and inland dunes
```
```
2110 Embryonic shifting dunes
```
```
2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (‘white dunes’)
```
```
2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’)
```
```
2140 Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrum
```
```
2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)
```
```
2160 Dunes with Hippophaë rhamnoides
```
```
2170 Dunes with Salix repens ssp. argentea (Salicion arenariae)
```
```
2180 Wooded dunes of the Atlantic, Continental and Boreal region
```
```
2190 Humid dune slacks
```
```
2210 Crucianellion maritimae fixed beach dunes
```
```
2220 Dunes with Euphorbia terracina
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

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```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands
```
```
2240 Brachypodietalia dune grasslands with annuals
```
```
2250 Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.
```
```
2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs
```
```
2270 Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and/or Pinus pinaster
```
```
2310 Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Genista
```
```
2320 Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Empetrum nigrum
```
```
2330 Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands
```
```
2340 Pannonic inland dunes
```
```
91N0 Pannonic inland sand dune thicket (Junipero-Populetum albae)
```
```
Rocky habitats
```
```
8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani)
```
```
8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)
```
```
8130 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree
```
```
8140 Eastern Mediterranean screes
```
```
8150 Medio-European upland siliceous screes
```
```
8160 Medio-European calcareous scree of hill and montane levels
```
```
8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation
```
```
8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation
```
```
8230 Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicion
dillenii
```
```
8310 Caves not open to the public
```
```
8320 Fields of lava and natural excavations
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

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```
Habitat type code as referred to
in Annex I to Directive
92/43/EEC
```
```
Habitat type name as referred to in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC
```
```
8340 Permanent glaciers
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

54/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
ANNEX II
```
### MARINE ECOSYSTEMS – HABITAT TYPES AND GROUPS OF HABITAT TYPES REFERRED TO IN

### ARTICLE 5(1) AND (2)

```
The list below includes the marine habitat types referred to in Article 5(1) and (2), as well as seven groups of those habitat
types, namely 1) seagrass beds, 2) macroalgal forests, 3) shellfish beds, 4) maerl beds, 5) sponge, coral and coralligenous
beds, 6) vents and seeps and 7) soft sediments (not deeper than 1 000 metres of depth). The relation with the habitat types
listed in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC is also presented.
```
```
The classification of marine habitat types used, differentiated by marine biogeographical regions, is made according to the
European nature information system (EUNIS), as revised for the marine habitats typology in 2022 by the EEA. The
information on the related habitats listed in Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC is based on the crosswalk published by the EEA
in 2021 (^1 ).
```
```
1.Group 1: Seagrass beds
```
```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
Atlantic
```
```
MA522 Seagrass beds on Atlantic littoral sand 1140; 1160
```
```
MA623 Seagrass beds on Atlantic littoral mud 1140; 1160
```
```
MB522 Seagrass beds on Atlantic infralittoral sand 1110; 1150; 1160
```
```
Baltic Sea
```
```
MA332 Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment characterised by submerged
vegetation
```
### 1130; 1160; 1610; 1620

```
MA432 Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment characterised by submerged
vegetation
```
### 1130; 1140; 1160; 1610

```
MA532 Baltic hydrolittoral sand characterised by submerged rooted plants 1130; 1140; 1160; 1610
```
```
MA632 Baltic hydrolittoral mud dominated by submerged rooted plants 1130; 1140; 1160; 1650
```
```
MB332 Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterised by submerged
rooted plants
```
### 1110; 1160

```
MB432 Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterised by submerged
rooted plants
```
### 1110; 1160; 1650

# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

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```
(^1 ) EUNIS marine habitat classification 2022. European Environment Agency https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/eunis-
habitat-classification-1.
```

```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
MB532 Baltic infralittoral sand characterised by submerged rooted plants 1110; 1130; 1150; 1160
```
```
MB632 Baltic infralittoral mud sediment characterised by submerged rooted
plants
```
### 1130; 1150; 1160; 1650

```
Black Sea
```
```
MB546 Seagrass and rhizomatous algal meadows in Black Sea freshwater
influenced infralittoral muddy sands
```
### 1110; 1130; 1160

```
MB547 Black Sea seagrass meadows on moderately exposed upper
infralittoral clean sands
```
### 1110; 1160

```
MB548 Black Sea seagrass meadows on lower infralittoral sands 1110; 1160
```
```
Mediterranean Sea
```
```
MB252 Biocenosis of Posidonia oceanica 1120
```
```
MB2521 Ecomorphosis of striped Posidonia oceanica meadows 1120; 1130; 1160
```
```
MB2522 Ecomorphosis of ‘barrier-reef’ Posidonia oceanica meadows 1120; 1130; 1160
```
```
MB2523 Facies of dead ‘mattes’ of Posidonia oceanica without much epiflora 1120; 1130; 1160
```
```
MB2524 Association with Caulerpa prolifera on Posidonia beds 1120; 1130; 1160
```
```
MB5521 Association with Cymodocea nodosa on well sorted fine sands 1110; 1130; 1160
```
```
MB5534 Association with Cymodocea nodosa on superficial muddy sands in
sheltered waters
```
### 1110; 1130; 1160

```
MB5535 Association with Zostera noltei on superficial muddy sands in
sheltered waters
```
### 1110; 1130; 1160

```
MB5541 Association with Ruppia cirrhosa and/or Ruppia maritima on sand 1110; 1130; 1160
```
```
MB5544 Association with Zostera noltei in euryhaline and eurythermal
environment on sand
```
### 1110; 1130; 1160

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```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
MB5545 Association with Zostera marina in euryhaline and eurythermal
environment
```
### 1110; 1130; 1160

```
2.Group 2: Macroalgal forests
```
```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
Atlantic
```
```
MA123 Seaweed communities on full salinity Atlantic littoral rock 1160; 1170; 1130
```
```
MA125 Fucoids on variable salinity Atlantic littoral rock 1170; 1130
```
```
MB121 Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral rock 1170; 1160
```
```
MB123 Kelp and seaweed communities on sediment-affected or disturbed
Atlantic infralittoral rock
```
### 1170; 1160

```
MB124 Kelp communities on variable salinity Atlantic infralittoral rock 1170; 1130; 1160
```
```
MB321 Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral coarse
sediment
```
### 1160

```
MB521 Kelp and seaweed communities on Atlantic infralittoral sand 1160
```
```
MB621 Vegetated communities on Atlantic infralittoral mud 1160
```
```
Baltic Sea
```
```
MA131 Baltic hydrolittoral rock and boulders characterised by perennial
algae
```
### 1160; 1170; 1130; 1610; 1620

```
MB131 Perennial algae on Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders 1170; 1160
```
```
MB232 Baltic infralittoral bottoms characterised by shell gravel 1160; 1110
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

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```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
MB333 Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment characterised by perennial algae 1110; 1160
```
```
MB433 Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterised by perennial algae 1110; 1130; 1160; 1170
```
```
Black Sea
```
```
MB144 Mytilid-dominated Black Sea exposed upper infralittoral rock with
fucales
```
### 1170; 1160

```
MB149 Mytilid-dominated Black Sea moderately exposed upper infralittoral
rock with fucales
```
### 1170; 1160

```
MB14A Fucales and other algae on Black Sea sheltered upper infralittoral
rock, well illuminated
```
### 1170; 1160

```
Mediterranean Sea
```
```
MA1548 Association with Fucus virsoides 1160; 1170
```
```
MB1512 Association with Cystoseira tamariscifolia and Saccorhiza polyschides 1170; 1160
```
```
MB1513 Association with Cystoseira amentacea (var. amentacea, var. stricta, var.
spicata)
```
### 1170; 1160

```
MB151F Association with Cystoseira brachycarpa 1170; 1160
```
```
MB151G Association with Cystoseira crinita 1170; 1160
```
```
MB151H Association with Cystoseira crinitophylla 1170; 1160
```
```
MB151J Association with Cystoseira sauvageauana 1170; 1160
```
```
MB151K Association with Cystoseira spinosa 1170; 1160
```
```
MB151L Association with Sargassum vulgare 1170; 1160
```
```
MB151M Association with Dictyopteris polypodioides 1170; 1160
```
```
MB151W Association with Cystoseira compressa 1170; 1160
```
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```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
MB1524 Association with Cystoseira barbata 1170; 1160
```
```
MC1511 Association with Cystoseira zosteroides 1170; 1160
```
```
MC1512 Association with Cystoseira usneoides 1170; 1160
```
```
MC1513 Association with Cystoseira dubia 1170; 1160
```
```
MC1514 Association with Cystoseira corniculata 1170; 1160
```
```
MC1515 Association with Sargassum spp. 1170; 1160
```
```
MC1518 Association with Laminaria ochroleuca 1170; 1160
```
```
MC3517 Association with Laminaria rodriguezii on detritic beds 1160
```
```
3.Group 3: Shellfish beds
```
```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
Atlantic
```
```
MA122 Mytilus edulis and/or barnacle communities on wave-exposed
Atlantic littoral rock
```
### 1160; 1170

```
MA124 Mussel and/or barnacle communities with seaweeds on Atlantic
littoral rock
```
### 1160; 1170

```
MA227 Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic littoral zone 1170; 1140
```
```
MB222 Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic infralittoral zone 1170; 1130; 1160
```
```
MC223 Bivalve reefs in the Atlantic circalittoral zone 1170
```
```
Baltic Sea
```
```
MB231 Baltic infralittoral bottoms dominated by epibenthic bivalves 1170; 1160
```
```
MC231 Baltic circalittoral bottoms dominated by epibenthic bivalves 1170; 1160; 1110
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

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```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
MD231 Baltic offshore circalittoral biogenic bottoms characterised by
epibenthic bivalves
```
### 1170

```
MD232 Baltic offshore circalittoral shell gravel bottoms characterised by
bivalves
```
### 1170

```
MD431 Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed bottoms characterised by
macroscopic epibenthic biotic structures
```
```
MD531 Baltic offshore circalittoral sand characterised by macroscopic
epibenthic biotic structures
```
```
MD631 Baltic offshore circalittoral mud characterised by epibenthic bivalves
```
```
Black Sea
```
```
MB141 Invertebrate-dominated Black Sea lower infralittoral rock 1170
```
```
MB143 Mytilid-dominated Black Sea exposed upper infralittoral rock with
foliose algae (no Fucales)
```
### 1170; 1160

```
MB148 Mytilid-dominated Black Sea moderately exposed upper infralittoral
rock with foliose algae (other than Fucales)
```
### 1170; 1160

```
MB242 Mussel beds in the Black Sea infralittoral zone 1170; 1130; 1160
```
```
MB243 Oyster reefs on Black Sea lower infralittoral rock 1170
```
```
MB642 Black Sea infralittoral terrigenous muds 1160
```
```
MC141 Invertebrate-dominated Black Sea circalittoral rock 1170
```
```
MC241 Mussel beds on Black Sea circalittoral terrigenous muds 1170
```
```
MC645 Black Sea lower circalittoral mud
```
```
Mediterranean Sea
```
```
MA1544 Facies with Mytilus galloprovincialis in waters enriched in organic
matter
```
### 1160; 1170

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```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
MB1514 Facies with Mytilus galloprovincialis 1170; 1160
```
```
Mediterranean infralittoral oyster beds
```
```
Mediterranean circalittoral oyster beds
```
```
4.Group 4: Maerl beds
```
```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
Atlantic
```
```
MB322 Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment 1110; 1160
```
```
MB421 Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment 1110; 1160
```
```
MB622 Maerl beds on Atlantic infralittoral muddy sediment 1110; 1160
```
```
Mediterranean Sea
```
```
MB3511 Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels mixed
by waves
```
### 1110; 1160

```
MB3521 Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels under
the influence of bottom currents
```
### 1110; 1160

```
MB3522 Association with maerl (= Association with Lithothamnion corallioides
and Phymatolithon calcareum) on Mediterranean coarse sands and
gravel
```
### 1110; 1160

```
MC3521 Association with rhodolithes on coastal detritic bottoms 1110
```
```
MC3523 Association with maerl (Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatholithon
calcareum) on coastal dendritic bottoms
```
### 1110

# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

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```
5.Group 5: Sponge, coral and coralligenous beds
```
```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
Atlantic
```
```
MC121 Faunal turf communities on Atlantic circalittoral rock 1170
```
```
MC124 Faunal communities on variable salinity Atlantic circalittoral rock 1170; 1130
```
```
MC126 Communities of Atlantic circalittoral caves and overhangs 8330; 1170
```
```
MC222 Cold water coral reefs in the Atlantic circalittoral zone 1170
```
```
MD121 Sponge communities on Atlantic offshore circalittoral rock 1170
```
```
MD221 Cold water coral reefs in the Atlantic offshore circalittoral zone 1170
```
```
ME122 Sponge communities on Atlantic upper bathyal rock 1170
```
```
ME123 Mixed cold water coral communities on Atlantic upper bathyal rock 1170
```
```
ME221 Atlantic upper bathyal cold water coral reef 1170
```
```
ME322 Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse
sediment
```
```
ME324 Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment
```
```
ME422 Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment
```
```
ME623 Sponge aggregation on Atlantic upper bathyal mud
```
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```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
ME624 Erect coral field on Atlantic upper bathyal mud
```
```
MF121 Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic lower bathyal rock 1170
```
```
MF221 Atlantic lower bathyal cold water coral reef 1170
```
```
MF321 Mixed cold water coral community on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse
sediment
```
```
MF622 Sponge aggregation on Atlantic lower bathyal mud
```
```
MF623 Erect coral field on Atlantic lower bathyal mud
```
```
Baltic Sea
```
```
MB138 Baltic infralittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic
sponges
```
### 1170; 1160

```
MB43A Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic
sponges (Porifera)
```
### 1160; 1170

```
MC133 Baltic circalittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic
cnidarians
```
### 1170; 1160

```
MC136 Baltic circalittoral rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic
sponges
```
### 1170; 1160

```
MC433 Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic
cnidarians
```
### 1160; 1170

```
MC436 Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment characterized by epibenthic
sponges
```
### 1160

```
Black Sea
```
```
MD24 Black Sea offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats 1170
```
```
ME14 Black Sea upper bathyal rock 1170
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 63/93


```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
ME24 Black Sea upper bathyal biogenic habitat 1170
```
```
MF14 Black Sea lower bathyal rock 1170
```
```
Mediterranean Sea
```
```
MB151E Facies with Cladocora caespitosa 1170; 1160
```
```
MB151Q Facies with Astroides calycularis 1170; 1160
```
```
MB151α Facies and association of coralligenous biocenosis (in enclave) 1170; 1160
```
```
MC1519 Facies with Eunicella cavolini 1170; 1160
```
```
MC151A Facies with Eunicella singularis 1170; 1160
```
```
MC151B Facies with Paramuricea clavata 1170; 1160
```
```
MC151E Facies with Leptogorgia sarmentosa 1170; 1160
```
```
MC151F Facies with Anthipatella subpinnata and sparse red algae 1170; 1160
```
```
MC151G Facies with massive sponges and sparse red algae 1170; 1160
```
```
MC1522 Facies with Corallium rubrum 8330; 1170
```
```
MC1523 Facies with Leptopsammia pruvoti 8330; 1170
```
```
MC251 Coralligenous platforms 1170
```
```
MC6514 Facies of sticky muds with Alcyonium palmatum and Parastichopus
regalis on circalittoral mud
```
### 1160

```
MD151 Biocenosis of Mediterranean shelf-edge rock 1170
```
```
MD25 Mediterranean offshore circalittoral biogenic habitats 1170
```
```
MD6512 Facies of sticky muds with Alcyonium palmatum and Parastichopus
regalis on lower circalittoral mud
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

64/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
ME1511 Mediterranean upper bathyal Lophelia pertusa reefs 1170
```
```
ME1512 Mediterranean upper bathyal Madrepora oculata reefs 1170
```
```
ME1513 Mediterranean upper bathyal Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa
reefs
```
### 1170

```
ME6514 Mediterranean upper bathyal facies of with Pheronema carpenteri
```
```
MF1511 Mediterranean lower bathyal Lophelia pertusa reefs 1170
```
```
MF1512 Mediterranean lower bathyal Madrepora oculata reefs 1170
```
```
MF1513 Mediterranean lower bathyal Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa
reefs
```
### 1170

```
MF6511 Mediterranean lower bathyal facies of sandy muds with Thenea
muricata
```
```
MF6513 Mediterranean lower bathyal facies of compact muds with Isidella
elongata
```
```
6.Group 6: Vents and seeps
```
```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
Atlantic
```
```
MB128 Vents and seeps in Atlantic infralittoral rock 1170; 1160; 1180
```
```
MB627 Vents and seeps in Atlantic infralittoral mud 1130; 1160
```
```
MC127 Vents and seeps in Atlantic circalittoral rock 1170; 1180
```
```
MC622 Vents and seeps in Atlantic circalittoral mud 1160
```
```
MD122 Vents and seeps on Atlantic offshore circalittoral rock 1170
```
```
MD622 Vents and seeps in Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 65/93


```
7.Group 7: Soft sediments (not deeper than 1 000 metres of depth)
```
```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
Atlantic
```
```
MA32 Atlantic littoral coarse sediment 1130; 1160
```
```
MA42 Atlantic littoral mixed sediment 1130; 1140; 1160
```
```
MA52 Atlantic littoral sand 1130; 1140; 1160
```
```
MA62 Atlantic littoral mud 1130; 1140; 1160
```
```
MB32 Atlantic infralittoral coarse sediment 1110; 1130; 1160
```
```
MB42 Atlantic infralittoral mixed sediment 1110; 1130; 1150; 1160
```
```
MB52 Atlantic infralittoral sand 1110; 1130; 1150; 1160
```
```
MB62 Atlantic infralittoral mud 1110; 1130; 1160
```
```
MC32 Atlantic circalittoral coarse sediment 1110; 1160
```
```
MC42 Atlantic circalittoral mixed sediment 1110; 1160
```
```
MC52 Atlantic circalittoral sand 1110; 1160
```
```
MC62 Atlantic circalittoral mud 1160
```
```
MD32 Atlantic offshore circalittoral coarse sediment
```
```
MD42 Atlantic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment
```
```
MD52 Atlantic offshore circalittoral sand
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

66/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
MD62 Atlantic offshore circalittoral mud
```
```
ME32 Atlantic upper bathyal coarse sediment
```
```
ME42 Atlantic upper bathyal mixed sediment
```
```
ME52 Atlantic upper bathyal sand
```
```
ME62 Atlantic upper bathyal mud
```
```
MF32 Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment
```
```
MF42 Atlantic lower bathyal mixed sediment
```
```
MF52 Atlantic lower bathyal sand
```
```
MF62 Atlantic lower bathyal mud
```
```
Baltic Sea
```
```
MA33 Baltic hydrolittoral coarse sediment 1130; 1160; 1610; 1620
```
```
MA43 Baltic hydrolittoral mixed sediment 1130; 1140; 1160; 1610
```
```
MA53 Baltic hydrolittoral sand 1130; 1140; 1160; 1610
```
```
MA63 Baltic hydrolittoral mud 1130; 1140; 1160; 1650
```
```
MB33 Baltic infralittoral coarse sediment 1110; 1150; 1160
```
```
MB43 Baltic infralittoral mixed sediment 1110; 1130; 1150; 1160; 1170;
1650
```
```
MB53 Baltic infralittoral sand 1110; 1130; 1150; 1160
```
```
MB63 Baltic infralittoral mud 1130; 1150; 1160; 1650
```
```
MC33 Baltic circalittoral coarse sediment 1110; 1160
```
```
MC43 Baltic circalittoral mixed sediment 1160; 1170
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 67/93


```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
MC53 Baltic circalittoral sand 1110; 1160
```
```
MC63 Baltic circalittoral mud 1160; 1650
```
```
MD33 Baltic offshore circalittoral coarse sediment
```
```
MD43 Baltic offshore circalittoral mixed sediment
```
```
MD53 Baltic offshore circalittoral sand
```
```
MD63 Baltic offshore circalittoral mud
```
```
Black Sea
```
```
MA34 Black Sea littoral coarse sediment 1160
```
```
MA44 Black Sea littoral mixed sediment 1130; 1140; 1160
```
```
MA54 Black Sea littoral sand 1130; 1140; 1160
```
```
MA64 Black Sea littoral mud 1130; 1140; 1160
```
```
MB34 Black Sea infralittoral coarse sediment 1110; 1160
```
```
MB44 Black Sea infralittoral mixed sediment 1110; 1170
```
```
MB54 Black Sea infralittoral sand 1110; 1130; 1160
```
```
MB64 Black Sea infralittoral mud 1130; 1160
```
```
MC34 Black Sea circalittoral coarse sediment 1160
```
```
MC44 Black Sea circalittoral mixed sediment
```
```
MC54 Black Sea circalittoral sand 1160
```
```
MC64 Black Sea circalittoral mud 1130; 1160
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

68/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
MD34 Black Sea offshore circalittoral coarse sediment
```
```
MD44 Black Sea offshore circalittoral mixed sediment
```
```
MD54 Black Sea offshore circalittoral sand
```
```
MD64 Black Sea offshore circalittoral mud
```
```
Mediterranean Sea
```
```
MA35 Mediterranean littoral coarse sediment 1160; 1130
```
```
MA45 Mediterranean littoral mixed sediment 1140; 1160
```
```
MA55 Mediterranean littoral sand 1130; 1140; 1160
```
```
MA65 Mediterranean littoral mud 1130; 1140; 1150; 1160
```
```
MB35 Mediterranean infralittoral coarse sediment 1110; 1160
```
```
MB45 Mediterranean infralittoral mixed sediment
```
```
MB55 Mediterranean infralittoral sand 1110; 1130; 1150; 1160
```
```
MB65 Mediterranean infralittoral mud 1130; 1150
```
```
MC35 Mediterranean circalittoral coarse sediment 1110; 1160
```
```
MC45 Mediterranean circalittoral mixed sediment
```
```
MC55 Mediterranean circalittoral sand 1110; 1160
```
```
MC65 Mediterranean circalittoral mud 1130; 1160
```
```
MD35 Mediterranean offshore circalittoral coarse sediment
```
```
MD45 Mediterranean offshore circalittoral mixed sediment
```
```
MD55 Mediterranean offshore circalittoral sand
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 69/93


```
EUNIS code EUNIS habitat type name to in Annex Related habitat I to Directive type code as referred 92/43/EEC
```
```
MD65 Mediterranean offshore circalittoral mud
```
```
ME35 Mediterranean upper bathyal coarse sediment
```
```
ME45 Mediterranean upper bathyal mixed sediment
```
```
ME55 Mediterranean upper bathyal sand
```
```
ME65 Mediterranean upper bathyal mud
```
```
MF35 Mediterranean lower bathyal coarse sediment
```
```
MF45 Mediterranean lower bathyal mixed sediment
```
```
MF55 Mediterranean lower bathyal sand
```
```
MF65 Mediterranean lower bathyal mud
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

70/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
ANNEX III
```
### MARINE SPECIES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 5(5)

```
(1) dwarf sawfish (Pr istis clavata);
```
```
(2) smalltooth sawfish (Pr istis pectinata);
```
```
(3) largetooth sawfish (Pr istis pristis);
```
```
(4) basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) and white shark (Car charodon carcharias);
```
```
(5) smooth lantern shark (Etmopterus pusillus);
```
```
(6) reef manta ray (Mobula alfredi);
```
```
(7) giant manta ray (Mobula birostris);
```
```
(8) devil fish (Mobula mobular);
```
```
(9) lesser Guinean devil ray (Mobula rochebrunei);
```
```
(10) spinetail mobula (Mobula japanica);
```
```
(11) smoothtail mobula (Mobula thurstoni);
```
```
(12) longhorned mobula (Mobula eregoodootenkee);
```
```
(13) Chilean devil ray (Mobula tarapacana);
```
```
(14) shortfin devil ray (Mobula kuhlii);
```
```
(15) lesser devil ray (Mobula hypostoma);
```
```
(16) Norwegian skate (Diptur us nidarosiensis);
```
```
(17) white skate (Rostroraja alba);
```
```
(18) guitarfishes (Rhinobatidae);
```
```
(19) angel shark (Squatina squatina);
```
```
(20) salmon (Salmo salar);
```
```
(21) sea trout (Salmo trutta);
```
```
(22) houting (Core gonus oxyrhynchus).
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 71/93


```
ANNEX IV
```
### LIST OF BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS FOR AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 11(2)

```
Indicator Description, units, and methodology for determining and monitoring the indicator
```
```
Grassland butterfly index Description: This indicator is composed of species considered to be characteristic of European grasslands and which occur in a large part of
Europe, covered by the majority of the Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. It is based on the geometric mean of species trends.
```
```
Unit: Index.
```
```
Methodology: as developed and used by Butterfly Conservation Europe, Van Swaay, C.A.M, Assessing Butterflies in Europe - Butterfly Indicators
1990-2018, Technical report, Butterfly Conservation Europe, 2020.
```
```
Stock of organic carbon in cropland
mineral soils
```
```
Description: This indicator describes the stock of organic carbon in cropland mineral soils at a depth of 0 to 30 cm.
```
```
Unit: Tonnes of organic carbon/ha.
```
```
Methodology: as set out in Annex V to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories, and as supported by the Land Use and Coverage Area frame Survey (LUCAS) Soil, Jones A. et al., LUCAS Soil 2022, JRC technical
report, Publications Office of the European Union, 2021.
```
```
Share of agricultural land with
high-diversity landscape features
```
```
Description: High-diversity landscape features, such as buffer strips, hedgerows, individual or groups of trees, tree rows, field margins, patches,
ditches, streams, small wetlands, terraces, cairns, stonewalls, small ponds and cultural features, are elements of permanent natural or semi-natural
vegetation present in an agricultural context which provide ecosystem services and support for biodiversity.
```
```
In order to do so, landscape features need to be subject to as little negative external disturbances as possible to provide safe habitats for various
taxa, and therefore need to comply with the following conditions:
```
```
(a)they cannot be under productive agricultural use (including grazing or fodder production), unless such use is necessary for the preservation of
biodiversity; and
```
```
(b)they should not receive fertilizer or pesticide treatment, except for low input treatment with solid manure.
```
```
Land lying fallow, including temporarily, can be considered as high diversity landscape features if it complies with criteria set out under (a) and (b)
of the second paragraph. Productive trees part of sustainable agroforestry systems or trees in extensive old orchards on permanent grassland and
productive elements in hedges can also be considered as high diversity landscape features, if they comply with criterion set out under (b) of the
second paragraph, and if harvests take place only at moments where it would not compromise high biodiversity levels.
```
```
Unit: Percent (share of Utilised Agricultural Area).
```
# EN

### OJ L, 29.7.2024

### 72/93

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
Indicator Description, units, and methodology for determining and monitoring the indicator
```
```
Methodology: as developed under indicator I.21, Annex I to Regulation (EU) 2021/2115, as based on latest updated version of LUCAS for
landscape elements, Ballin M. et al., Redesign sample for Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS), Eurostat 2018, and for land laying fallow, Farm
Structure, Reference Metadata in Single Integrated Metadata Structure, online publication, Eurostat and, where applicable, for high diversity landscape
features not covered by the methodology above, methodology developed by Member States in accordance with Article 14(7) of this Regulation.
```
```
The LUCAS methodology is updated on a regular basis to enhance the reliability of the data used in the Union and, at national level, by Member
States when implementing their national restoration plans.
```
### OJ L, 29.7.2024

# EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)

### 73/93


```
ANNEX V
```
### COMMON FARMLAND BIRD INDEX AT NATIONAL LEVEL

```
Description
```
```
The common farmland bird index summarises population trends of common and widespread birds of farmland and is
intended as a proxy to assess the biodiversity status of agricultural ecosystems in Europe. The national common farmland
bird index is a composite, multispecies index that measures the rate of change in the relative abundance of farmland bird
species across selected survey sites at national level. That index is based on specially selected species that are dependent on
farmland habitats for feeding or nesting, or both. National common farmland bird indices are based on species sets that are
relevant to each Member State. The national common farmland bird index is calculated with reference to a base year when
the index value is typically set at 100. Trend values express the overall population change in the population size of the
constituent farmland birds over a period of years.
```
```
Methodology: Brlík et al. (2021): Long-term and large-scale multispecies dataset tracking population changes of common
European breeding birds. Sci Data 8, 21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00804-2
```
```
‘Member States with historically more depleted populations of farmland birds’ means Member States where half or more
species contributing to the national common farmland bird index have a negative long-term population trend. In Member
States where information on long-term population trends is not available for some species, information on the European
status of species is used.
```
```
These Member States are:
```
```
Czechia
```
```
Denmark
```
```
Germany
```
```
Estonia
```
```
Spain
```
```
France
```
```
Italy
```
```
Luxembourg
```
```
Hungary
```
```
Netherlands
```
```
Finland
```
```
‘Member States with historically less depleted populations of farmland birds’ means Member States where less than half of
species contributing to the national common farmland bird index have a negative long-term population trend. In Member
States, where information on long-term population trends is not available for some species, information on the European
status of species is used.
```
```
These Member States are:
```
```
Belgium
```
```
Bulgaria
```
```
Ireland
```
```
Greece
```
```
Croatia
```
```
Cyprus
```
```
Latvia
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

74/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
Lithuania
```
```
Malta
```
```
Austria
```
```
Poland
```
```
Portugal
```
```
Romania
```
```
Slovenia
```
```
Slovakia
```
```
Sweden
```
```
List of species used for the common farmland bird index in the Member States
```
```
Belgium - Flanders Belgium - Wallonia
```
```
Alauda arvensis Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus pratensis Anthus pratensis
```
```
Emberiza citrinella Corvus frugilegus
```
```
Falco tinnunculus Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Haematopus ostralegus Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Hirundo rustica Hirundo rustica
```
```
Limosa limosa Lanius collurio
```
```
Linaria cannabin Linaria cannabina
```
```
Motacilla flava Miliaria calandra
```
```
Numenius arquata Motacilla flava
```
```
Passer montanus Passer montanus
```
```
Perdix perdi Perdix perdix
```
```
Saxicola torquatus Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Sylvia communis Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Vanellus vanellus Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Bulgaria
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Coturnix coturnix
```
```
Corvus frugilegus
```
```
Emberiza hortulana
```
```
Emberiza melanocephala
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 75/93


```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Miliaria calandra
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Perdix perdix
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Upupa epops
```
```
Czechia
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus pratensis
```
```
Ciconia ciconia
```
```
Corvus frugilegus
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Miliaria calandra
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Perdix perdix
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Serinus serinus
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Denmark
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus pratensis
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Corvus corone
```
```
Corvus frugilegus
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

76/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Gallinago gallinago
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Miliaria calandra
```
```
Motacilla alba
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Oenanthe oenanthe
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Perdix perdix
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Sylvia curruca
```
```
Turdus pilaris
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Germany
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Athene noctua
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Limosa limosa
```
```
Lullula arborea
```
```
Miliaria calandra
```
```
Milvus milvus
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Estonia
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus pratensis
```
```
Corvus frugilegus
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 77/93


```
Ireland
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Columba oenas
```
```
Columba palumbus
```
```
Corvus cornix
```
```
Corvus frugilegus
```
```
Corvus monedula
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Fringilla coelebs
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Chloris chloris
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Motacilla alba
```
```
Passer domesticus
```
```
Phasianus colchicus
```
```
Pica pica
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Greece
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Apus apus
```
```
Athene noctua
```
```
Calandrella brachydactyla
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Carduelis chloris
```
```
Ciconia ciconia
```
```
Corvus corone
```
```
Corvus monedula
```
```
Delichon urbicum
```
```
Emberiza cirlus
```
```
Emberiza hortulana
```
```
Emberiza melanocephala
```
```
Falco naumanni
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Hirundo daurica
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Lanius minor
```
```
Lanius senator
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

78/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Lullula arborea
```
```
Luscinia megarhynchos
```
```
Melanocorypha calandra
```
```
Miliaria calandra
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Oenanthe hispanica
```
```
Oenanthe oenanthe
```
```
Passer domesticus
```
```
Passer hispaniolensis
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Pica pica
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Streptopelia decaocto
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia melanocephala
```
```
Upupa epops
```
```
Spain
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Alectoris rufa
```
```
Athene noctua
```
```
Calandrella brachydactyla
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Cisticola juncidis
```
```
Corvus monedula
```
```
Coturnix coturnix
```
```
Emberiza calandra
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Melanocorypha calandra
```
```
Merops apiaster
```
```
Oenanthe hispanica
```
```
Passer domesticus
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Pica pica
```
```
Pterocles orientalis
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 79/93


```
Sturnus unicolor
```
```
Tetrax tetrax
```
```
Upupa epops
```
```
France
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Alectoris rufa
```
```
Anthus campestris
```
```
Anthus pratensis
```
```
Buteo buteo
```
```
Corvus frugilegus
```
```
Coturnix coturnix
```
```
Emberiza cirlus
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Emberiza hortulana
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Lullula arborea
```
```
Melanocorypha calandra
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Oenanthe oenanthe
```
```
Perdix perdix
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Upupa epops
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Croatia
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus campestris
```
```
Anthus trivialis
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Coturnix coturnix
```
```
Emberiza cirlus
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Emberiza melanocephala
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Jynx torquilla
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

80/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
Lanius senator
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Lullula arborea
```
```
Luscinia megarhynchos
```
```
Miliaria calandra
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Oenanthe hispanica
```
```
Oriolus oriolus
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Pica pica
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Upupa epops
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Italy
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus campestris
```
```
Calandrella brachydactyla
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Carduelis chloris
```
```
Corvus cornix
```
```
Emberiza calandra
```
```
Emberiza hortulana
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Jynx torquilla
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Luscinia megarhynchos
```
```
Melanocorypha calandra
```
```
Motacilla alba
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Oriolus oriolus
```
```
Passer domesticus italiae
```
```
Passer hispaniolensis
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Pica pica
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Serinus serinus
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 81/93


```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus unicolor
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Upupa epops
```
```
Cyprus
```
```
Alectoris chukar
```
```
Athene noctua
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Cisticola juncidis
```
```
Clamator glandarius
```
```
Columba palumbus
```
```
Coracias garrulus
```
```
Corvus corone cornix
```
```
Coturnix coturnix
```
```
Emberiza calandra
```
```
Emberiza melanocephala
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Francolinus francolinus
```
```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Chloris chloris
```
```
Iduna pallida
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Oenanthe cypriaca
```
```
Parus major
```
```
Passer hispaniolensis
```
```
Pica pica
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sylvia conspicillata
```
```
Sylvia melanocephala
```
```
Latvia
```
```
Acrocephalus palustris
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus pratensis
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Carpodacus erythrinus
```
```
Ciconia ciconia
```
```
Crex crex
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Locustella naevia
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

82/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Lithuania
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus pratensis
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Ciconia ciconia
```
```
Crex crex
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Luxembourg
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Hungary
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus campestris
```
```
Coturnix coturnix
```
```
Emberiza calandra
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Lanius minor
```
```
Locustella naevia
```
```
Merops apiaster
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 83/93


```
Perdix perdix
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Sylvia nisoria
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Malta
Calandrella brachydactyla
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Cettia cetti
```
```
Cisticola juncidis
```
```
Coturnix coturnix
```
```
Emberiza calandra
```
```
Lanius senator
```
```
Monticola solitarius
```
```
Passer hispaniolensis
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Serinus serinus
```
```
Streptopelia decaocto
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia conspicillata
```
```
Sylvia melanocephala
```
```
Netherlands
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus pratensis
```
```
Athene noctua
```
```
Calidris pugnax
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Corvus frugilegus
```
```
Coturnix coturnix
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Gallinago gallinago
```
```
Haematopus ostralegus
```
```
Hippolais icterina
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Limosa limosa
```
```
Miliaria calandra
```
```
Motacilla fl ava
```
```
Numenius arquata
```
```
Passer montanus
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

84/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
Perdix perdix
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Spatula clypeata
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Tringa totanus
```
```
Turdus viscivorus
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Austria
```
```
Acrocephalus palustris
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus spinoletta
```
```
Anthus trivialis
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Jynx torquilla
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Lullula arborea
```
```
Miliaria calandra
```
```
Oenanthe oenanthe
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Perdix perdix
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Serinus citrinella
```
```
Serinus serinus
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Turdus pilaris
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Poland
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus pratensis
```
```
Ciconia ciconia
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Emberiza hortulana
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 85/93


```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Limosa limosa
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Miliaria calandra
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Serinus serinus
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Upupa epops
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Portugal
```
```
Athene noctua
```
```
Bubulcus ibis
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Chloris chloris
```
```
Ciconia ciconia
```
```
Cisticola juncidis
```
```
Coturnix coturnix
```
```
Delichon urbicum
```
```
Emberiza cirlus
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Lanius meridionalis
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Merops apiaster
```
```
Miliaria calandra
```
```
Milvus migrans
```
```
Passer domesticus
```
```
Pica pica
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Serinus serinus
```
```
Sturnus unicolor
```
```
Upupa epops
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

86/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
Romania
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus campestris
```
```
Calandrella brachydactyla
```
```
Ciconia ciconia
```
```
Corvus frugilegus
```
```
Emberiza calandra
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Emberiza hortulana
```
```
Emberiza melanocephala
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Lanius minor
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Melanocorypha calandra
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Perdix perdix
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Upupa epops
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Slovenia
```
```
Acrocephalus palustris
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus trivialis
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Columba oenas
```
```
Columba palumbus
```
```
Emberiza calandra
```
```
Emberiza cirlus
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Galerida cristata
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Jynx torquilla
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 87/93


```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Lullula arborea
```
```
Luscinia megarhynchos
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Phoenicurus phoenicurus
```
```
Picus viridis
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Serinus serinus
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Upupa epops
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Slovakia
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Carduelis carduelis
```
```
Emberiza calandra
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Chloris chloris
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Locustella naevia
```
```
Motacilla flava
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Saxicola torquatus
```
```
Serinus serinus
```
```
Streptopelia turtur
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Sylvia nisoria
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Finland
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus pratensis
```
```
Corvus monedula
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

88/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
Crex crex
```
```
Delichon urbica
```
```
Emberiza hortulana
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Numenius arquata
```
```
Passer montanus
```
```
Saxicola rubertra
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Turdus pilaris
Vanellus vanellus
```
```
Sweden
```
```
Alauda arvensis
```
```
Anthus pratensis
```
```
Corvus frugilegus
```
```
Emberiza citrinella
```
```
Emberiza hortulana
```
```
Falco tinnunculus
```
```
Hirundo rustica
```
```
Lanius collurio
```
```
Linaria cannabina
```
```
Motacilla flava
Passer montanus
```
```
Saxicola rubetra
```
```
Sturnus vulgaris
```
```
Sylvia communis
```
```
Vanellus vanellus
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 89/93


```
ANNEX VI
```
### LIST OF BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS FOR FOREST ECOSYSTEMS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 12(2) AND 12(3)

```
Indicator Description, units, and methodology for determining and monitoring the indicator
```
```
Standing deadwood Description: This indicator shows the amount of non-living standing woody biomass in forest and other wooded land.
```
```
Unit: m^3 /ha.
```
```
Methodology: as developed and used by FOREST EUROPE, State of Europe’s Forests 2020, FOREST EUROPE 2020, and in the description of national
forest inventories in Tomppo E. et al., National Forest Inventories, Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer, 2010, and taking into account the
methodology as set out in Annex V to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories.
```
```
Lying deadwood Description: This indicator shows the amount of non-living woody biomass lying on the ground in forest and other wooded land.
```
```
Unit: m^3 /ha.
Methodology: as developed and used by FOREST EUROPE, State of Europe’s Forests 2020, FOREST EUROPE 2020, and in the description of national
forest inventories in Tomppo E. et al., National Forest Inventories, Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer, 2010, and taking into account the
methodology as set out in Annex V to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories.
```
```
Share of forests with uneven-aged
structure
```
```
Description: This indicator refers to the share of forests available for wood supply (FAWS) with uneven-aged structure in forests as compared to
even-aged structure in forests.
```
```
Unit: Percent of FAWS with uneven-aged structure.
```
```
Methodology: as developed and used by FOREST EUROPE, State of Europe’s Forests 2020, FOREST EUROPE 2020, and in the description of national
forest inventories in Tomppo E. et al., National Forest Inventories, Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer, 2010.
```
```
Forest connectivity Description: Forest connectivity is the degree of compactness of forest covered areas. It is defined in the range of 0 to 100.
```
```
Unit: Index.
```
```
Methodology: as developed by FAO, Vogt P., et al., FAO – State of the World’s Forests: Forest Fragmentation, JRC Technical Report, Publications Office of
the European Union, Luxembourg, 2019.
```
# EN

### OJ L, 29.7.2024

### 90/93

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
Indicator Description, units, and methodology for determining and monitoring the indicator
```
```
Common forest birds index Description: The forest bird indicator describes trends in the abundance of common forest birds across their European ranges over time. It is
a composite index created from observational data of bird species characteristic for forest habitats in Europe. The index is based on a specific list of
species in each Member State.
```
```
Unit: Index.
```
```
Methodology: Brlík et al. Long-term and large-scale multispecies dataset tracking population changes of common European breeding birds, Sci Data 8, 21.
2021.
```
```
Stock of organic carbon Description: This indicator describes the stock of organic carbon in the litter and in the mineral soil at a depth of 0 to 30 cm in forest ecosystems.
```
```
Unit: Tonnes organic carbon/ha.
```
```
Methodology: as set out in Annex V to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories, and as supported by the Land Use and Coverage Area frame Survey (LUCAS) Soil, Jones A. et al., LUCAS Soil 2022, JRC technical report,
Publications Office of the European Union, 2021.
```
```
Share of forest dominated by native
tree species
```
```
Description: Share of forest and other wooded land dominated by (>50 % coverage) native tree species.
```
```
Unit: Percent.
```
```
Methodology: as developed and used by FOREST EUROPE, State of Europe’s Forests 2020, FOREST EUROPE 2020, and in the description of national
forest inventories in Tomppo E. et al., National Forest Inventories, Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer, 2010.
```
```
Tree species diversity Description: This indicator describes the mean number of tree species occurring in forest areas.
```
```
Unit: Index.
```
```
Methodology: Based on FOREST EUROPE, State of Europe’s Forests 2020, FOREST EUROPE 2020, and in the description of national forest
inventories in Tomppo E. et al., National Forest Inventories, Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer, 2010.
```
### OJ L, 29.7.2024

# EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)

### 91/93


```
ANNEX VII
```
### LIST OF EXAMPLES OF RESTORATION MEASURES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 14(16)

```
(1) Restore wetlands, by rewetting drained peatlands, removing peatland drainage structures or de-poldering and
discontinuing peat excavation.
```
```
(2) Improve hydrological conditions by increasing quantity, quality and dynamics of surface waters and groundwater
levels for natural and semi-natural ecosystems.
```
```
(3) Remove unwanted scrub encroachment or non-native plantations on grasslands, wetlands, forests and sparsely
vegetated land.
```
```
(4) Apply paludiculture.
```
```
(5) Re-establish the meandering of rivers and reconnect artificially cut meanders or oxbow lakes.
```
```
(6) Remove longitudinal and lateral barriers,such as dikes and dams; give more space to river dynamics and restore
free-flowing river stretches.
```
```
(7) Re-naturalise riverbeds and lakes and lowland watercourses by, for example. removing artificial bed fixation,
optimising substrate composition, improving or developing habitat cover.
```
```
(8) Restore natural sedimentation processes.
```
```
(9) Establish riparian buffers, such as riparian forests, buffer strips, meadows or pastures.
```
```
(10) Increase ecological features in forests, such as large, old and dying trees (habitat trees) and amounts of lying and
standing deadwood.
```
```
(11) Work towards a diversified forest structure in terms of, for example, species composition and age, enable natural
regeneration and succession of tree species.
```
```
(12) Assist migration of provenances and species where it may be needed due to climate change.
```
```
(13) Enhance forest diversity by restoring mosaics of non-forest habitats such as open patches of grassland or
heathland, ponds or rocky areas.
```
```
(14) Make use of ‘close-to-nature’ or ‘continuous cover’ forestry approaches; introduce native tree species.
```
```
(15) Enhance the development of old-growth native forests and mature stands, for example, by abandonment of
harvesting or by active management which favours development of autoregulatory functions and appropriate
resilience.
```
```
(16) Introduce high-diversity landscape features in arable land and intensively used grassland, such as buffer strips, field
margins with native flowers, hedgerows, trees, small forests, terrace walls, ponds, habitat corridors and stepping
stones, etc.
```
```
(17) Increase the agricultural area subject to agro-ecological management approaches such as organic agriculture or
agro-forestry, multicropping and crop rotation, integrated pest and nutrient management.
```
```
(18) Reduce grazing intensity or mowing regimes on grasslands where relevant and re-establish extensive grazing with
domestic livestock and extensive mowing regimes where they were abandoned.
```
```
(19) Stop or reduce the use of chemical pesticides as well as chemical and animal manure fertilisers.
```
```
(20) Stop ploughing grassland and introducing seeds of productive grasses.
```
```
(21) Remove plantations on former dynamic inland dune systems to re-enable natural wind dynamics in favour of open
habitats.
```
# EN OJ L, 29.7.2024

92/93 ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj)


```
(22) Improve connectivity across habitats to enable the development of populations of species, and to allow for
sufficient individual or genetic exchange as well as for species’ migration and adaptation to climate change.
```
```
(23) Allow ecosystems to develop their own natural dynamics for example by abandoning harvesting and promoting
naturalness and wilderness.
```
```
(24) Remove and control invasive alien species, and prevent or minimise new introductions.
```
```
(25) Minimise negative impacts of fishing activities on the marine ecosystem, for example by using gear with less
impact on seabed.
```
```
(26) Restore important fish spawning and nursery areas.
(27) Provide structures or substrates to encourage the return of marine life in support of the restoration of coral, oyster
or boulder reefs.
```
```
(28) Restore seagrass meadows and kelp forests by actively stabilising the sea bottom, reducing and, where possible,
eliminating pressures or by active propagation and planting.
```
```
(29) Restore or improve the state of characteristic native species population vital to the ecology of marine habitats by
conducting passive or active restoration measures, for example, introducing juveniles.
```
```
(30) Reduce various forms of marine pollution, such as nutrient loading, noise pollution and plastic waste.
```
```
(31) Increase urban green spaces with ecological features, such as parks, trees and woodland patches, green roofs,
wildflower grasslands, gardens, city horticulture, tree-lined streets, urban meadows and hedges, ponds and
watercourses, taking into consideration, inter alia, species diversity, native species, local conditions and resilience to
climate change.
```
```
(32) Stop, reduce or remediate pollution from pharmaceuticals, hazardous chemicals, urban and industrial wastewater,
and other waste including litter and plastics as well as light in all ecosystems.
```
```
(33) Convert brownfield sites, former industrial areas and quarries into natural sites.
```
# OJ L, 29.7.2024 EN

ELI: [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj](http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1991/oj) 93/93


